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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/308
*Corresponding Author: Giulio Perrotta, Istituto per lo Studio delle Psicoterapie (ISP), 00185, Rome (Italy).
Citation: Giulio Perrotta, (2024), The new Dysfunctional Personality Model of the Dramatic Matrix (DPM-DM) and the Psychotic Matrix (DPM-PM): “Dramatic Personality Disorder” (DPD) and “Psychotic Personality Disorder” (PPD), Psychology and Mental Health Care, 8(8): DOI:10.31579/2637-8892/308
Copyright: © 2024, Giulio Perrotta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 07 October 2024 | Accepted: 17 October 2024 | Published: 23 October 2024
Keywords: neurotic personality disorder; anxiety; Panic; mania; obsession; compulsion; avoidance; phobia; dramatic personality disorder; bipolar; depressive; borderline; histrionic; narcissistic; antisocial; psychopathic
According to the PICI model, there are six personality disorders in the neurotic area (anxious, phobic, obsessive, somatic, avoidant, and manic), and the diagnosis of psychopathological disorder is determined based on the persistence of certain dysfunctional traits present in the personality framework. Based on clinical experience and through the application of the IPM/PICI, Deca, PDM, PHEM and PPP-DNA models, it was found that all disorders in the neurotic area had anxiety traits in common and that symptoms of the six different disorders were often present in comorbidity. This assumption led to the hypothesis of a different and better way to group them into one all-encompassing category: "Neurotic Personality Disorder" (NPD). Based on this construct, it is suggested to perform the same nosographic operations for the other personality disorders, grouping 7 personality disorders (bipolar, depressive, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, psychopathic) from the psychopathological area related to Cluster B of DSM-5-TR and PICI-3 into "Dramatic Personality Disorder" (DPD) and 4 other personality disorders (delusional, paranoid, dissociative, schizophrenic spectrum) from the psychopathological area related to Cluster A of DSM-5-TR and Cluster C of PICI-3 into "Psychotic Personality Disorder" (PPD). This paper aims to suggest their use to facilitate psychopathological framing.
The heterogeneous and intangible nature of psychiatric symptomatology has always generated problems of diagnostic certainty, in the absence of the use of biochemical laboratory parameters or instrumental examinations. To solve this clinical dilemma, already since the end of the first half of the last century, an attempt has been made to apply a rigid, nosographic approach in the classification of psychiatric disorders, so that a more objective diagnosis can be made, despite the limitations brought about by the rigidity of the method of investigation. Although diagnostic techniques have been perfected over the decades, including the use of validated psychometric instruments, several critical issues persist today that deserve attention. Currently, in psychiatry there are several classification methods, generally recognized by the scientific community, and the most widely used are the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) compiled by the American Psychiatric Association and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) issued by the World Health Organization, in addition to the attempt made through the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-II) of the International Psychoanalytical Association, with a clear psychoanalytic matrix. [1-5]
Based on the need for greater awareness of psychopathological diagnosis and based on 5 basic principles, underlying the "Integrated Psychodynamic Model" (IPM) and the "Perrotta Integrative Clinical Interviews" (PICI) [6-13], now in the third version (PICI-3) [14], the "Decagonal Model" (Deca-Model) [15-16], the "Perrotta Defense Mechanisms (PDM)" [17-18], now in second revised versioon [19], and the "Perrotta Human Emotions Model" (PHEM) [20], now in second version [21], a new construct was identified that could reorganize the nosographic interpretation of neurotic area disorders, based on the "Perrotta Psychotherapeutic Protocol for Disorders of the Neurotic Area" (PPP-DNA). This new construct, crystallized in the "Dysfunctional Personality Theory of the Neurotic Matrix" (DPT-NM) and then in the corresponding model ("Dysfunctional Personality Model of the Neurotic Matrix", DPM-NM) was called "Neurotic Personality Disorder" (NPD) [22], with the characteristics of being able to distinguish between 6 specificities (Anxious, Phobic, Avoidant, Somatic, Obsessive and Manic) and several sub typicalities.
This construct, for the same needs, can also be extended to disorders not included in the neurotic area.
2. Dysfunctional Personality Model of the Dramatic Matrix (DPM-DM) and the Dramatic Matrix (DPD)
As with the neurotic model [22], a new restructuring of the individual types afferent to the dramatic area personality disorder is provided for the dramatic model (according to the DSM-5-TR) [23-103]. Based on the construct, below is the outline of the dysfunctional personality model that justifies the nosographic innovation of the matrix of "Dramatic Personality Disorder" (DPD) [Table 1].
Primary Disorder
| Type or Specifications (of traits) |
Sub-types |
Description |
Dramatic Personality Disorder |
Bipolar [104] |
Manic-depressive (or type I) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a manic-depressive condition, characterized by the alternation of medium-long cycles of manic and depressi-ve moods, capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, affective, work,...), with symptoms that do not sponta-neously regress and that worsen the quality of life. |
Manic-dysthymic (or type II) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a manic-dysthymic condition, characterized by alternating medium-long cycles of manic and dysthymic, capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, affective, work,...), with symptoms that do not spontaneously regress and that worsen the quality of life. | ||
Depressive-Hypomanic (or type III) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a hypomanic-depressive condition, characterized by alternating medium-long cycles of hypomanicity and depression, capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, affective, work,...), with symptoms that do not sponta-neously regress and that worsen the quality of life. | ||
Hypomanic - dysthymic (or type IV) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a hypomanic-dysthymic condition, characterized by alternating medium-long cycles of hypomanicity and dysthymia, capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, affective, work,...), with symptoms that do not sponta-neously regress and that worsen the quality of life. | ||
Mixed form (or type V) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a hypomanic-depressive condition, characterized by alternating medium-to-long cycles of mixed forms of manic/hypomanicity and depression/dysthymia, capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, affective, work,...), with symptoms that do not spontaneously regress and worsen the quality of life. | ||
Depressive [105-106] |
Sub-clinical (or type I) | The person has been suffering from a potentially clinically interesting condition for less than 30 days, in which he or she manifests depressive symptoms but in a milder or less impactful form than depressive disorders (e.g., premen-strual dysphoria, occasional seasonal dysphoria, adjust-ment deficit, brief depressive episode of less than 30 days). This condition is capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, emotional, work,...), with symptoms that do not spontaneously regress and worsen the quality of life. | |
Reactive (or type II) | The subject has been suffering for less than 12 months from a reactive or situational condition that results in depressive symptoms of clinical interest and stems from an adjustment disorder that has been active and unpro-cessed for at least 30 days (e.g., events during pregnancy, separation stressors or hypercontrol in postpartum, prolonged seasonal dysphoria, persistent bereavement with depressive symptoms for less than 1 year, mala-djustment to the traumatic event). This condition is capa-ble of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, emotional, work,...), with symptoms that do not spontaneously regress and worsen the quality of life. | ||
Dysthymic (or type III) | The subject has been suffering for less than 2 months from a dysthymic condition resulting in depressive symptoms of clinical interest. This condition is capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, affective, work,...), with symptoms that do not spontaneously regress and worsen the quality of life. | ||
Chronic or Major (or type IV) | The subject has been suffering for more than 2 months from a dysthymic condition resulting in depressive symptoms of clinical interest. This condition is capable of negatively impacting one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, social, affective, work,...), with symptoms that do not spontaneously regress and worsen the quality of life. | ||
Mixed “typical” form (or type V) | They are conditions of clinical interest, with a specificity different from the pure forms of depressive conditions and depressive disorder. They have a wide negative impact on the patient's life, such that their functioning is impaired to a large extent and they cause psychophysical distress and malaise. | ||
Mixed “atypical” form (or type VI) | These are conditions of clinical interest, where the patient manifests depressive symptoms, without fully meeting all criteria or only the structural criterion, but at a more severe level than the subclinical form. They have an extensive negative impact on the patient's life, such that his or her functioning is impaired to a large extent and he or she perceives psychophysical distress and discomfort. | ||
Borderline [104, 107] |
Unstable-impulsive (or type I) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition characterized by emotional instability, impulsivity, and irrational fear of being abandoned, forgotten, or betrayed (in the absence of psychotic symptoms). This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not sponta-neously regress, worsening the quality of life. | |
Aggressive-explosive (or type II) | The person has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition characterized by unwarranted fear for self or others (in the absence of psychotic symptoms) and marked explosive aggression, under circumstances that are not objectively justifiable. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Emotional-humoral (or type III) | The person has been suffering from a clinically relevant condition for more than 6 months, characterized by a marked mood sensitivity that tends toward emotional fragility and need for attention, under circumstances that are not objectively justifiable. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not sponta-neously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Deflected (or type IV) | The subject has been suffering from a clinically relevant condition for more than 6 months, characterized by a marked mood sensitivity that tends toward emotional fragility, and a need for protection from the surrounding world, with a negative and deflected mood most of the time, in the absence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Fragmented (or type V) | The subject has had a clinically relevant condition for more than 6 months, characterized by marked mood sensitivity tending toward emotional fragmentation, in the absence of clinically relevant psychotic symptoms. The perceptual plane is distorted but without psychotic episodes. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Mixed (or type VI) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition, characterized by a multitude of borderline features in the various typifi-cations, but without remaining marked on a specific one, for at least 5 years. Single brief episodes do not fall into the present category but are representations of overacti-vations in any case not exceeding 15-30 days. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symp-toms do not regress spontaneously, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Histrionic [108] |
Concentrator (or type I) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition characterized by the need to centralize attention on oneself, in the absence of psychotic symptoms (delusions) and the absence of narcissistic behavior (manipulation to the detriment of others for one's advantage). Reasons for need may vary according to personality profile and may depend on caretaking needs, more or less conscious simulations. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symp-toms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | |
Manipulative (or type II) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition characterized by the use of manipulation and lying, in the absence of psychotic symptoms (delusions) and in the absence of narcissistic behavior (manipulation to the detriment of others for one's advantage). This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Fascinator (or type III) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition characterized by the need to use one's oratorical, communicative, and intelle-ctual arts to charm, in the absence of psychotic symptoms (delusions) and the absence of narcissistic behavior (ma-nipulation to the detriment of others for one's advantage). This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Seductive (or type IV) | The person has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition, characterized by a need to use his or her body and sense for personal advan-tage, in the absence of psychotic symptoms (delusions) and the absence of narcissistic behavior (manipulation to the detriment of others for one's advantage). This condi-tion involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symp-toms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Mixed form (or type V) | The subject has been suffering for more than 6 months from a clinically relevant condition, characterized by a variety of histrionic symptoms that cannot be attributed exclusively to one type, but always in the absence of psychotic symptoms (delusions) and narcissistic behavior (manipulation to the detriment of others for one's advan-tage). This condition involves one or more complex sphe-res of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. | ||
Narcissistic [109-110]
|
Infantilism (or type I) | The person exhibits childish attitudes and behaviors, relative to age and context, consisting of poor intellectual and emotional maturity. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work), leading to a deterioration in the quality of life. | |
Selfishness (or type II) | The person exhibits selfish attitudes and behaviors, in comparison with social expectation, age and reference context, consisting of over-characterization of his own needs compared to those of the people around him. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work), leading to a worsening of the quality of life. | ||
Egocentrism (or type III) | The subject exhibits egocentric attitudes and behaviors, concerning social expectation, age and context of reference, consisting of over-characterization of his own needs for those of the people around him, to their detriment (to selfishness that is realized without the need to take advantage of others' subjective positions). This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work), leading to a worsening of the quality of life. | ||
Narcissism- Overt (or type IV) | The subject has had a clinically relevant condition for more than 6 months and he presents egocentric attitudes and behaviors, concerning social expectation, age and context of reference, consisting of the use of active manipulation, the need to establish superficial and fun-ctional ties to obtain personal goals, to the detriment of others, needs for admiration and power, high self-esteem often unmotivated, arrogance and sense of superiority. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work), leading to a deterioration in the quality of life. | ||
Narcissism-Covert (or type V) | The subject has had a clinically relevant condition for more than 6 months and he presents egocentric attitudes and behaviors, concerning social expectation, age and context of reference, consisting of the use of passive-aggressive manipulation, the need to establish bonds of control and dependence, even fictitious ones, need for attention and reassurance, low self-esteem often unmoti-vated or feigned only to attract attention, use of grievance and guilt to obtain one's advantages. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work), leading to a worsening quality of life. | ||
Narcissism- Mixed (or type VI) | The subject presents egocentric attitudes and behaviors, concerning social expectation, age and reference context, consisting of both overt and covert narcissistic modes, without a specific predominance or exclusively related to situational overactivations. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work), leading to a worsening quality of life. | ||
Antisocial [111-112] |
Deviant (or type I) | The subject manifests conduct in violation of social norms, which exposes him or her to the judgment of the relevant community. He tends to maintain a generally expected profile, even if he is considered by his environ-ment to be a rebel or a compliant person, without, howe-ver, violating any legal norms or of low value to the criminal system. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the consequences make the quality of life worse. | |
Criminal (or type III) | The individual manifests conduct in violation of legal norms, which exposes him or her to the judgment of the relevant community and criminal sanctions of a punitive nature (economic and/or imprisonment of one's personal freedom). He fails to maintain a generally expected profile and is considered a criminal by his environment. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the conse-quences make the quality of life worse. | ||
Psychopathic [111-112] | The subject has been affected for more than 6 months by a constellation of specific affective, interpersonal, and behavioral characteristics, such as superficial charm, lack of empathy, the grandiosity of self, arrogance and haugh-tiness, need for continuous stimulation, pathological lying, manipulation use of violence, antisociality, beha-vioral dyscontrol, low tolerance of frustration with aggres-sive behavior in the face of criticism and failure, asso-ciated with high irritability and anger dysregulation, pro-miscuous sexual behavior, and early behavioral problems: all of which recall the instability of the borderline, the criminal behaviors of the antisocial, the fascination of the histrionic and the grandiosity of the narcissist, via the mood swings of the bipolar and the deflections of the depressed. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the consequences make the quality of life worse. | ||
Mixed form
| The subject presents a constellation of symptoms remi-niscent of two or more types of disorders, but without having a specific characterization. Mixed forms are cha-racterized by being the result of two distinct profiles, unlike psychopathy, which has a multitude of symptoms but the predominance is antisociality and grandiosity, in essence, a narcissistic-antisocial condition with the pre-sence of borderline, bipolar and histrionic features. The multiplicity of symptoms may also involve the neurotic and/or psychotic spectrum. | ||
Table 1: Dramatic Personality Disorder (DPD).
3. Dysfunctional Personality Model of the Psychotic Matrix (DPM-PM) and the Psychotic Matrix (PPD)
As with the neurotic model [22], a new restructuring of the individual types afferent to the psychotic area personality disorder is provided for the psychotic model (according to the DSM-5-TR) [113-127]. Based on the construct, below is the outline of the dysfunctional personality model that justifies the nosographic innovation of the matrix of "Psychotic Personality Disorder" (PPD) [Table 2]. For all types of the psychotic spectrum the specifiers are applicable [Table 3].
Primary Disorder
|
Type or Specifications (of traits) |
Sub-types |
Description |
Psychotic Personality Disorder [128-130] |
Delusional |
- | The subject has been suffering for more than 1 month from a clinically relevant condition characterized by one or more false or erroneous beliefs held firmly, in the presence of a real stimulus and concerning facts existing in real life, even though there are ele-ments that disconfirm one's interpretation of reality. When the delirium becomes structured in a resistant form and occurs in the absence of any real external stimulus, coloring itself with myste-rious, magical, bizarre, extravagant scenarios devoid of any con-crete or realistic foothold (in the absence of hallucinations), and thus is not the mere exaggeration of a real or otherwise realistic fact, it assumes the designation of "paranoia". The content of the delirium may take a variety of forms and contents (e.g., somatic delirium, religious delirium, nihilistic delirium, persecutory deli-rium, love delirium, sexual delirium, megalomania, delirium of guilt or sin) but never must have a bizarre and/or extravagant orientation (e.g., paranormal phenomena and/or extrasensory powers), in the absence or presence of altered perceptual states. In no case should there be any hallucination phenomena (understood as false perception in the absence of a real stimulus), Otherwise, the schizophrenic spectrum hypothesis should be considered. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not sponta-neously regress, worsening the quality of life. The duration of less than 1 month, and it is not recurrent, defines the diagnosis of a "delusional episode or psychotic slip of the delusional type". |
Dissociative |
Internal | The subject has been suffering for more than 1 month from a clinically relevant condition characterized by one or more disso-ciative episodes, related to experiences of depersonalization (understood as perceptions of disconnection from one's body or mental processes, as if one were observing one's life from the outside). The subject feels detached from body, mind, feelings and/or sensations. The subject may also report feeling out of reality or like an automaton, with no control over what he or she does or says, and may feel emotionally or physically numb. In these cases, the subject may describe himself as an outside observer of his own life, or as a "dead man walking". If he or she presents bizarre and/or extravagant content one must refer to the schizophrenic spectrum in diagnosis. If it presents hallucinatory phenomena one must refer, in diagnosis, to complicated internal dissociative disorder. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not regress spontaneously, worsening the quality of life. The duration of less than 1 month, and it is not recurrent, defines the diagnosis of a "depersonalizing dissociative episode or psychotic slip of the in-ternal dissociative type", complicated or not if there is the presence of hallucinations and there are no extremes for the diagnosis of schizophrenic spectrum. | |
External | The subject has been suffering for more than 1 month from a clinically relevant condition characterized by one or more disso-ciative episodes, related to experiences of derealization (under-stood as perceptions of detachment from the surrounding environ-ment, including people and things, with a marked feeling of un-reality). If it presents bizarre and/or extravagant content, one must refer to the schizophrenic spectrum in diagnosis. If it presents hallucinatory phenomena one must refer, in diagnosis, to com-plicated external dissociative disorder. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not regress spontaneously, worsening the quality of life. The duration of less than 1 month, and it is not recurrent, defines the diagnosis of a "derealizing dissociative epi-sode or psychotic slip of the external dissociative type", compli-cated or not if there is the presence of hallucinations and there are no extremes for the diagnosis of schizophrenic spectrum. | ||
Mixed dissociative form | The subject has been suffering for more than 1 month from a clinically relevant condition characterized by a mixed form of the previously described symptoms related to internal and external dissociative disorders. This condition involves one or more com-plex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. A duration of less than 1 month defines the diagnosis of a "dissociative episode or psychotic slippage of dissociative type", complicated or not if there is the pre-sence of hallucinations and there are no extremes for the diagnosis of the schizophrenic spec-trum. | ||
Fragmentation of identity | The subject manifests a clinically relevant condition characterized by the presence of one or more personalities, with speech, tem-perament, and behavior patterns also different from those normally associated with the subject. Each personality may present specific functional and dysfunctional traits, and they should be studied individually. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his or her existence (personal, family, social, work), and the symptoms do not regress spontaneously, worsening the quality of life. In this condition, there is no time limit for the manifestation of symptoms, and even a single event is assessable according to the pattern of psychotic personality disorder, dissociative type, and fragmentary subtype of identity. | ||
Schizophrenic spectrum |
Schizoid | The subject has been manifesting for more than 1 month a cli-nically relevant condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of general detachment and disinterest in social relationships and a limited range of emotions in interpersonal relationships. Any delu-sional, paranoid, and/or dissociative content should be evaluated based on the complexity of the pathological form. The presence of hallucinations orients the diagnosis in pure subtype schizophrenic spectrum disorder. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not regress spontaneously, worsening the quality of life. Duration of less than 1 month defines the diagnosis of a "schizoid episode or schizoid-like psychotic slip". | |
Schizotypical | The subject has been manifesting for more than 1 month a clinically relevant condition characterized by a pervasive pattern of intense distress and reduced capacity for close relationships, alterations in thinking and perceptions, and eccentric behavior. These patients often misinterpret daily episodes as having special meaning for them (ideas of reference). They may be superstitious or think they have special paranormal powers that enable them to perceive events before they happen or to read the minds of others. They may think that they have magical control over others, thin-king that they can cause other people to experience everyday events (e.g., feeding the dog), or that performing magical rituals can prevent harm (e.g., washing hands 3 times can prevent illness). Any delusional, paranoid, and/or dissociative content should be evaluated based on the complexity of the pathological form. The presence of hallucinations orients the diagnosis in pure subtype schizophrenic spectrum disorder. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symptoms do not regress spontaneously, worsening the quality of life. The duration of less than 1 month defines the diagnosis of "schizotypal episode or psychotic slippage of schi-zotypal type". | ||
Schizoaffective | The subject has been manifesting for more than 1 month of a clinically relevant condition characterized by a pervasive pattern manifesting psychotic symptoms and marked humor of unipolar (manic/depressive) or bipolar type. The presence of hallucinations directs the diagnosis into pure subtype schizophrenic spectrum disorder. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of his existence (personal, family, social, work) and the symp-toms do not regress spontaneously, worsening the quality of life. The duration of less than 1 month defines the diagnosis of "schi-zoaffective episode or psychotic slip-page of schizoaffective type or mixed bipolar form complicated by psychotic symptoms". | ||
Pure (or Schizophrenia o Mixed form) | The subject has been manifesting for more than 1 month of a clinically relevant condition characterized by psychosis (loss of contact with reality), hallucinations (false perceptions), delu-sions/paranoia (false beliefs), disorganized language and behavior, flattening of affectivity (reduced emotional manifestations), cogni-tive deficits (impaired reasoning and problem-solving ability), and occupational and social malfunction. It represents the most severe form of psychotic disorder. This condition involves one or more complex spheres of existence (personal, family, social, occupa-tional) and symptoms do not spontaneously regress, worsening the quality of life. The duration of less than 1 month defines the diagnosis of an "episode of psychotic lability, with schizophrenic marking". | ||
| Psychotic mixed form | - | The subject presents a constellation of symptoms reminiscent of two or more types of disorders, but without having a specific characterization. Mixed forms are characterized by being the result of two distinct profiles. The multiplicity of symptoms may also involve the neurotic and/or dramatic spectrum. |
Table 2: Psychotic Personality Disorder (DPD).
Specifier |
Description |
| Primary disorder | The symptomatology described by the patient or the patient's medical history is determined by the psychiatric illness and not by other secondary illnesses (e.g., dementia, cancer), drug use, or as a result of taking drugs that cause the symptoms. |
| Secondary disorder | The symptomatology described by the patient or the patient's medical history is not determined by the psychiatric illness but by other secondary illnesses (e.g., dementia, cancer), drug use, or as a result of taking drugs that cause the symptoms. |
| Short Episode | The psychotic episode, consisting mainly of one or more psychotic symptoms, has a total duration of less than or equal to 1 week, in continuous form. |
| Recurring Episodes | Psychotic episodes, consisting mainly of one or more psychotic symptoms, have a total duration of less than or equal to 1 month, even if not continuous. |
| Chronic episode | The psychotic episode, which consists mainly of one or more psychotic symptoms, has a total duration of more than 1 month, in continuous form. |
| Presence or absence of hallucinations | The patient has in his or her medical history one or more episodes, even if not continuous, of hallucinations, regardless of form and content. |
Table 3: Specifiers of the “Psychotic Personality Disorder” (DPD).
This editorial completes the research work on the PPP-DNA clinical protocol of the nosographic hypothesis of "Neurotic Personality Disorder" (NPD), which is a synonym of cluster A according to the PICI model. According to what is reported in this publication, Cluster B of the same model can be named "Dramatic Personality Disorder" (DPD), while Cluster C can be named "Psychotic Personality Disorder" (PPD). Such new nosographies, with indications of the specific types and subtypes, have the task of facilitating the clinical interpretive process by encouraging a rationalization of structural and functional matrices (in dysfunctional terms) in psychodiagnostic terms. As was already the case with the research related to PPP-DNA and NPD, studies related to the diagnostic utility of these new nosographies are being carried out, using an adequate and representative population sample. Future perspectives will therefore be related to the confirmation or not of the usefulness and thus the possible reorganization of the PICI-3, as a questionnaire to investigate functional and dysfunctional personality traits, into a more evolved and rational version (PICI-4).
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Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
