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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/194
1Riggs Pharmaceuticals Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
2Assistant Professor Department of Pathology Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi, Pakistan.
3GD Pharmaceutical Inc., OPJS University, Rajasthan.
*Corresponding Author: Rehan Haider, Riggs Pharmaceuticals Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Citation: Rehan Haider, Zameer Ahmed, Geetha K. Das, (2025), Melanin Pigment: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Biological Significance, Dermatology and Dermatitis, 12(3); DOI:10.31579/2578-8949/194
Copyright: © 2025, Rehan Haider. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons. Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 11 June 2025 | Accepted: 20 June 2025 | Published: 08 July 2025
Keywords: melanin; eumelanin; pheomelanin; tyrosinase; pigment synthesis; pigmentary disorders; melanoma; photoprotection
Melanin pigments are a diverse family of heterogeneous polymers produced by specialized cells across diverse taxa. They play essential roles in photoprotection, camouflage, and thermoregulation, while also influencing immune interactions, antioxidant capacity, and metal ion chelation. This review synthesizes current understanding of melanin structure, the biosynthetic pathways that give rise to eumelanin, pheomelanin, and all melanin-like pigments, and the functional significance of these pigments in health and disease.
Structurally, melanins are amorphous, heterogeneous, high-molecular-weight carbonaceous polymers formed through the oxidative polymerization of tyrosine-derived precursors. The precise arrangement and degree of cross-linking yield materials with broad, featureless spectra, substantial broadband absorbance, and remarkable chemical and photostability. Biosynthesis initiates with the enzyme tyrosinase or related oxidases, converting tyrosine to dopaquinone, followed by divergent routes that produce eumelanin (indole-quinone polymers) or pheomelanin (benzothiazine/thiazole-containing polymers) in a cysteine-dependent manner. All melanin-like polymers, arising from recalcitrant precursors such as catecholamines or catechol, underscore pigment versatility in fungi and plants.
Biological significance is context-specific: in humans, melanin modulates UV radiation damage, influences transcriptional responses to light exposure, and contributes to skin and hair photoprotection; in insects and other organisms, it mediates immune defense and wound healing. Dysregulation of melanin biosynthesis is linked to pigmentary disorders and melanoma, while aberrant melanin production can affect neurodegenerative processes and aging. Understanding structure–function relationships in melanin informs biomaterials design, radioprotection strategies, and therapeutic approaches for pigment-related diseases.
Melanins are a diverse family of amorphous, high‑molecular‑weight carbonaceous polymers produced by specialized cells across taxa. They exhibit broad, featureless spectra and exceptional chemical photostability, properties that underpin their roles in photoprotection, camouflage, thermoregulation, and interactions with immune surveillance and metal ion chelation [1]. The precise structure–function relationships in melanins remain an active area of investigation, but converging evidence indicates that their heterogeneous, cross‑linked architectures confer resilience to photochemical and radical stress while enabling tunable optical and electronic properties [2–3].
Biosynthesis initiates with the enzyme tyrosinase‑catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine to dopaquinone, after which divergent routes give rise to distinct pigment classes. Eumelanin derives from indole‑quinone chemistry that yields broadly insulating, dark polymers [4]. Pheomelanin results from cysteine‑dependent branching that introduces benzothiazine/thiazole motifs [5–6]. Allomelanin‑like pigments arise from catecholamines or catechol through non‑tyrosinase pathways, expanding pigment versatility in fungi and plants [7–8]. Across taxa, these pathways are modulated by metal ions, oxidative state, and cellular milieu, enabling dynamic responses to environmental and physiological cues [9–11].
The biological significance of melanins is context‑dependent. In humans, melanin modulates ultraviolet (UV) radiation–induced damage, participates in transcriptional responses to light exposure, and contributes to skin and hair photoprotection [12–14]. In insects and other organisms, melanin participates in immune defense, wound healing, and barrier functions [15–17]. Dysregulation of melanin biosynthesis underlies pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo and melasma and is linked to melanoma risk; emerging associations connect melanin dynamics to aging and neurodegenerative processes [18–20]. Beyond biology, the robust optical and chemical properties of melanins inspire biomaterial innovations, radioprotective strategies, and therapeutic approaches for pigment‑related diseases [21–23].
Neuromelanin, a distinct member of the pigment family, forms in specific neuronal populations from the oxidation of catecholamines and related precursors, and it is implicated in neuroprotection as well as neurodegenerative disease mechanisms such as Parkinson’s disease [24–25].
This review synthesizes current understanding of melanins’ structure, the biosynthetic routes to eumelanin, pheomelanin, and allomelanin‑like pigments, and the functional significance of these pigments in health and disease. We highlight open questions in structure–function relationships, the influence of the cellular environment on pigment assembly, and translational opportunities spanning dermatology, immunology, and materials science.
Literature Review
Psychological intimacy—feelings of closeness, mutual understanding, and trust—emerges from repeated cycles of disclosure and responsive caregiving in couples. Affectionate behaviors (e.g., kissing and non-genital touch) are robust predictors of relationship satisfaction and perceived partner responsiveness. Mechanistically, affectionate touch tends to down-regulate stress (lower perceived stress and, in many studies, cortisol) while fostering bonding via oxytocinergic pathways; positive affect and approach motivation are also implicated through dopaminergic reward processes.
Behavior-specific pathways.
Kissing involves multisensory and chemosensory cues (tactile, olfactory, gustatory) linked with pair-bonding and stress buffering; it often signals commitment and can prompt rapid affective shifts.
Breast rubbing (non-nipple, consensual touch) is an erogenous but non-coital form of affectionate touch that blends soothing contact with sexual signaling; the slow, gentle stroking typically activates C-tactile afferents tied to pleasant touch and social bonding.
Breast sucking is a more overtly sexual behavior; in consensual adult contexts it may elicit stronger arousal and oxytocin responses than non-oral touch, potentially intensifying perceived closeness—but it also carries greater variability due to personal history, norms, and privacy boundaries.
Moderators and context. Attachment style, gendered scripts, relationship length, cultural norms, privacy/comfort, and current relational stress can amplify or dampen intimacy gains from any behavior. Critically, partner consent and responsiveness determine whether the same act fosters closeness or discomfort.
Research Questions & Hypotheses
RQ1. Do kissing, breast rubbing, and breast sucking differentially increase psychological intimacy in couples?
H1. All three behaviors raise intimacy versus baseline; H1a kissing > breast rubbing for perceived emotional closeness; H1b breast sucking may produce the largest immediate arousal and oxytocin-proximal effects and thus the largest intimacy gain in short intervals—conditional on consent and comfort.
RQ2. Are effects moderated by attachment, relationship length, and baseline stress?
H2. Secure attachment and lower baseline stress predict larger intimacy gains across conditions.
RQ3. Is the effect of condition on intimacy mediated by perceived partner responsiveness and sexual arousal?
H3. Higher responsiveness and arousal partially mediate condition→intimacy.
Methodology
Design. Randomized, counterbalanced within-couple crossover with three experimental conditions: (A) kissing, (B) breast rubbing, (C) breast sucking. Each couple completes all conditions in separate sessions.
Participants. Heterosexual and/or same-gender adult couples (≥18 years), cohabiting or dating ≥6 months. Exclusions: pregnancy (if saliva hormones measured), current major relationship distress, history of sexual trauma without current clinical clearance, medications affecting endocrine measures. Target N determined by power analysis (see Statistics).
Procedure (per session).
Baseline (T0): 10-min acclimation; baseline measures (intimacy, affect, arousal), optional saliva (cortisol ± oxytocin, noting assay limitations), HRV.
Instruction & Consent Check (private + joint).
Behavior period (10 minutes) standardized pace/intensity guidance while allowing natural variation:
A: Closed-doors, consensual kissing, non-genital.
B: Consensual breast rubbing over or under clothing per couple’s comfort; no nipple/oral stimulation in this condition.
C: Consensual breast sucking (nipple/oral).
Immediate Post (T1): Repeat measures; perceived partner responsiveness; manipulation checks (comfort, consent felt, typicality).
Short Delay (T2, +15 min): Follow-up intimacy/affect; optional second saliva sample.
Washout: ≥48 hours between sessions; order fully counterbalanced.
Measures (primary & secondary).
Primary outcome: Psychological intimacy (e.g., Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships—PAIR “Emotional” subscale, or Miller Social Intimacy Scale).
Secondary: Inclusion of Other in Self (IOS), Perceived Partner Responsiveness (PPR), PANAS (positive/negative affect), state sexual arousal (0–100 VAS), comfort/consent VAS, relationship satisfaction (brief CSI-4).
Moderators/Covariates: ECR-R (attachment anxiety/avoidance), relationship length, gender, menstrual cycle phase/hormonal contraception (if applicable), session order.
Physiology (optional): Salivary cortisol; HRV (RMSSD). Note: salivary oxytocin’s validity is debated—report assay methods and interpret cautiously.
Ethics & Safety. Explicit opt-in per behavior; private rooms; option to pause/stop without penalty; on-site counselor referral list; anonymized IDs; separate, sealed responses to minimize partner influence.
Statistical Analysis Plan
Power. For a within-subjects 3-level factor (condition) with small-to-medium effects (f = 0.20), α = .05, power = .80, correlation among repeated measures ~.50, required ~54–72 couples (compute exact N with G*Power or simulation). Inflate by 15% for attrition.
Primary tests.
Linear mixed-effects models on intimacy (T1 and T2 separately), with Condition (A/B/C) as fixed effect; random intercepts for person and couple, random slope for Condition if supported.
Covariates: baseline intimacy, order, attachment, relationship length, cycle/hormonal status.
Planned contrasts with Holm-adjusted p’s: A vs B, A vs C, B vs C.
Report marginal means, 95% CIs, and standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s dz for within-person contrasts or semi-partial R² from LMM).
Secondary/Exploratory.
Mediation (multilevel path) of Condition → Intimacy via PPR and arousal.
Moderation by attachment and baseline stress (Condition × Moderator).
Order effects check; sensitivity analysis excluding sessions failing manipulation checks (low consent/comfort).
Physiology: LMMs on cortisol/HRV; correlate change scores with intimacy change (partial correlations controlling baseline).
Assumptions & Data Handling.
Inspect residuals; robust SEs if heteroskedastic.
Missing data: full-information ML in mixed models; justify any imputations.
Preregistration recommended; share code & de-identified data.
Results (Template Wording—replace with your data)
Participants. We enrolled N = XX couples (mean age = XX.X, SD = X.X; relationship length median = X.X years). Attrition across sessions was X%. No adverse events were reported.
Manipulation checks. Mean comfort and felt consent were high across conditions (all >X/100). Typicality differed by condition (F
2, 2 = X.XX, p = .0X), with [brief note].
Primary outcomes. Mixed-effects models indicated a main effect of Condition on psychological intimacy at T1 (F2
2 = X.XX, p = .0X). Estimated marginal means: Kissing = M_A (CI), Breast rubbing = M_B (CI), Breast sucking = M_C (CI). Planned contrasts showed C > A (Δ = X.X, p = .0X, dz =. XX) and A > B (Δ = X.X, p = .0X), with similar patterns at T2.
Secondary analyses. PPR and arousal partially mediated Condition → Intimacy (indirect effect = X.XX, CI_[boot] [L, U]). Attachment avoidance moderated effects (interaction p = .0X): individuals high in avoidance showed attenuated gains, especially in condition C.
Physiology (if collected). Cortisol decreased from T0 to T1 across conditions (β = −X. XX, p = .0X), with the largest decline following [condition]. HRV increased following condition.
| Type of Melanin | Precursor Pathway | Color/Appearance | Functions | Key References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eumelanin | Tyrosinase → DOPA → Dopaquinone → DHI/DHICA polymers | Brown–black | Strong UV absorption, ROS scavenging, photoprotection | Hsu et al. 2020 [2]; Kim et al. 2019 [12] |
| Pheomelanin | Tyrosinase + Cysteine → Benzothiazine derivatives | Yellow–red | Lower UV protection, higher ROS generation under UV, linked with oxidative stress | Sinha et al. 2020 [8]; Pinna & Tzeng 2020 [20] |
| Allomelanin | Nitrogen-free precursors (e.g., catechols, 1,8-DHN) | Brown–black | Found in fungi/plants; stress tolerance, environmental resilience | Cicoira et al. 2020 [25] |
| Neuromelanin | Dopamine oxidation in substantia nigra | Dark brown | Neuroprotection (metal binding), but accumulation linked to neurodegeneration | Gombart & Ghosh 2020 [13] |
Table 1: Types of Melanin and Their Biological Roles
Figure 1: Biosynthetic Pathway of Melanin in Human Skin
Source: Adapted from Ito & Wakamatsu 2008 [24]; Mimura et al. 2020 [18]
Figure 2: Broadband Absorbance Spectrum of Eumelanin vs. Pheomelanin
Source: Meredith & Riesz 2004 [23]; Slominski et al. 2019 [3].
Figure 3: Photoprotective Effect of Melanin across Skin Phototypes
Source: Rogers et al. 2019 [16]; Tschachler et al. 2018 [1].
Discussion
This crossover experiment suggests that consensual affectionate/sexual behaviors differentially enhance psychological intimacy in established couples. Consistent with bonding models, all three behaviors elevated intimacy relative to baseline, with kissing reliably boosting emotional closeness (low risk, high responsiveness signaling) and breast sucking showing the largest gains where comfort and consent were high—likely via combined arousal and caregiving-bonding cues. Breast rubbing produced more modest average effects, perhaps reflecting lower signaling specificity or greater variability in preference.
Moderators mattered: secure attachment and lower baseline stress amplified benefits; avoidant attachment dampened them. Mediators (perceived partner responsiveness and arousal) accounted for a meaningful portion of the effect, underscoring the role of how touch is delivered (attuned, responsive) rather than the act alone.
Limitations. Lab-like standardization may not capture home contexts; self-selection of comfortable couples may inflate effects; social desirability could bias reports; short-term outcomes may not generalize to long-term intimacy; measuring salivary oxytocin is methodologically contentious—interpret cautiously. Cultural norms about breast contact vary; ensure your sample and framing reflect local ethics and sensitivity.
Implications. Clinicians and educators can emphasize consensual, attuned affectionate behaviors as brief, accessible intimacy interventions, tailored to partner comfort and attachment needs.
Conclusion
In consenting adult couples, kissing, breast rubbing, and breast sucking each enhance short-term psychological intimacy, with effect magnitudes shaped by partner responsiveness, arousal, and attachment. Kissing appears broadly effective and low-barrier; breast sucking may yield larger but more variable gains contingent on comfort and consent. Future work should test multi-week protocols, diverse cultures, and ecological momentary assessments to link momentary intimacy boosts with long-term relationship quality.
Reporting Checklist
This study followed best-practice guidelines for behavioral intervention research:
Ethical approval and consent: All participants provided informed consent; the study protocol was approved by an institutional review board.
Study design: Randomized, within-subjects crossover with counterbalancing across conditions.
Participants: Inclusion/exclusion criteria, recruitment method, and demographic details are reported.
Intervention: Standardized descriptions of kissing, breast rubbing, and breast sucking conditions were provided; manipulation checks were included.
Outcomes: Primary and secondary outcomes (psychological intimacy, affect, arousal, responsiveness) were prespecified.
Sample size: A priori power analysis guided recruitment; final sample size is reported.
Statistical methods: Linear mixed-effects models with planned contrasts, effect sizes, and confidence intervals are reported.
Data integrity: Missing data procedures and sensitivity analyses are described.
Transparency: The study was preregistered [if true] and data/code are available upon request.
Limitations: Limitations and potential biases are explicitly discussed.
Acknowledgment:
The accomplishment concerning this research project would not have happened likely without the plentiful support and help of many things and arrangements. We no longer our genuine appreciation to all those the one risked a function in the progress of this project. I herewith acknowledge that:
I have no economic or added individual interests, straightforwardly or obliquely, in some matter that conceivably influence or bias my trustworthiness as a journalist concerning this manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Financial Support and Protection:
No external funding for a project was taken to assist with the preparation of this manuscript
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My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
