Radiometric Measurements of Electromagnetic Radiation Parameters of Acrylic Plastics

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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/237

Radiometric Measurements of Electromagnetic Radiation Parameters of Acrylic Plastics

О.P. Yanenko ^1*

К.L. Shevchenko ¹

Zinchenko O.V ¹

О.D. Golovchanska ²

V. S. Symonenko ²

1National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”.
2O. Bogomolets National Medical University of Ukraine, Kyiv

*Corresponding Author: О.P. Yanenko, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”.

Citation: Yasemin Geben, Anıl Iflazoğlu, Ali Karakuş, (2024), Radiometric Measurements of Electromagnetic Radiation Parameters of Acrylic Plastics, Clinical Research and Clinical Trials, 11(2); DOI:10.31579/2693-4779/237

Copyright: © 2024, О.P. Yanenko. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 11 October 2024 | Accepted: 05 November 2024 | Published: 02 December 2024

Keywords: electromagnetic radiation; electromagnetic compatibility; acrylic plastics; dental protheses

Abstract

Introduction: Acrylic plastics are widely used in orthopedic dentistry and orthodontics. They are the main material for the manufacture of various types of dental prostheses. To create an orthopedic product, a mixture of powder (polymer) and liquid (monomer) is obtained, from which a product of the required shape and size is formed and solidified. The resulting designs must meet the requirements for compatibility with living tissues, including the little-studied compatibility of the electromagnetic component.
Main part: Dielectric materials when heated form their own electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter range, which is a general property of heated dielectrics. By this, electromagnetic flows (EMF) of different directions arise. These flows can have a positive or negative direction and in a certain way affect the adjacent biotissues and the human body as a whole. Therefore, the authors conducted studies of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of 6 types of acrylic plastics, determined their levels and compared them with the level of EMR of biotissues of the human body. Based on the obtained results, conclusions were drawn regarding their electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). “Colorless basic plastic” and “Vertex Implacryl” have the highest level of EMC (up to 58%), “Ftorax” and “Sinma-M” plastics have a slightly lower level (48-53%) and the lowest EMC (35-36%) is recorded in “Vertex Basio” and “Ethakryl – 02”.
Conclusions: Compared to the level of human electromagnetic radiation, acrylic plastics and, accordingly, dental prostheses from them form negative currents in relation to adjacent biotissues. The conducted studies allow to recommend the choice of more acceptable materials for the manufacture of dental permanent and removable prostheses, as well as to determine the correlation between the emission of electromagnetic characteristics and the appearance of complications in patients during the operation of these structures.

Introduction


Acrylic plastics are widely used in orthopedic dentistry and orthodontics. They are the main material for the manufacture of various types of dental prostheses [1]. Figure. 1 presents some options for constructions using acrylic plastics - from the simplest to the most complex and voluminous. To such constructions can be directly attributed simple temporary (provisional) crowns (Figure. 1a); partial removable prostheses and complete removable prostheses (Figure. 1b); hard palate defect obturators; lined frameworks of bridge-like prostheses and orthodontic devices of various designs (Figure. 1c).

:
а b c
Figure 1: Samples of orthopedic constructions using acrylic plastics:
a – a single provisional crown; b – complete removable denture of the teeth of the upper jaw; c – orthodontic plate

According to the chemical structure, acrylic plastics are represented by derivatives of acrylic (СН2=СН-СООН) and methacrylic (СН2-С(СН3-СОOH)) acids and their complex ethers [1]. For the convenient use of plastics in orthopedic dentistry, manufacturers mainly create materials consisting of powder (polymer) and liquid (monomer). When powder and liquid are mixed, high-molecular compounds are formed - polymers (long linear or branched chains formed from a large number of repeating monomer units - the same or different atomic groups). From a mixture ("dough") of polymer and monomer orthopedic products are formed.
The technical properties of polymers depend on the nature, composition and purity of monomers, synthesis technology, value of molecular weight, shape of the chain, degree of its flexibility and value of connection forces.
According to the purpose, conditions of use and processing, plastic materials must have the following characteristics [2, 3]:
- sufficient strength and proper elasticity, which ensure the integrity of the prosthesis, without its deformation under the influence of chewing loads;
- resistance to bending and compression;
- high impact resistance;
- low specific gravity and low thermal conductivity;
- sufficient hardness, resistance to abrasion;
- bioinertness to tissues of the oral cavity, teeth and the body as a whole;
- indifference to the influence of saliva and various food substances;
- color resistance to the influence of light, air and other environmental factors;
- lack of adsorption capacity for food substances and microflora of the oral cavity.
The above characteristics of acrylic plastics have been sufficiently studied by various authors and are taken into account in practical dentistry. Failure to comply with the specified requirements can be the cause of various complications when using prostheses based on acrylic plastics.
The tissues of the prosthetic bed are the first to react to the action of the bases of the prostheses, because the mucous membrane is phylogenetically not adapted to the transmission of chewing pressure, self-cleaning, and so on. The base of the prosthesis can cause a side effect on the tissues of the prosthetic bed: a toxic, allergic and traumatic effect.
The side effect of a removable prosthesis occurs as a result of the transmission of chewing pressure on the tissues of the prosthetic bed, which is an excessive irritant for the mucous membrane, in the violation of self-cleaning, thermoregulation, articulation, taste perception. The "greenhouse effect" and the vacuum must also be attributed to the results of the side effect. The "greenhouse effect" occurs as a result of a violation of thermoregulation of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that acrylic plastics have poor thermal conductivity. It is for this reason that a higher temperature occurs under the plastic base than directly in the oral cavity, close to the temperature of the human body. A thermostat phenomenon occurs, which creates ideal conditions for the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms and fungal microflora.
Toxic stomatitis occurs as a result of the toxic action of the acrylic bases of complete removable prostheses. There are two types of toxic stomatitis. The first is caused by a significant amount of residual monomer that did not enter the polymerization reaction. The second type of stomatitis is caused by toxins released by microorganisms and is observed in case of poor oral hygiene.
The main factor in the occurrence of acrylic toxic stomatitis is the monomer, which by its chemical structure is the methyl ether of methacrylic acid.In high concentrations, the monomer is a protoplasmic poison. It has an extremely negative effect not only on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, but also on the whole body.Also, the cause of toxic stomatitis can be the free monomer released during the use of orthopedic structures, namely during the depolymerization process.
Allergic stomatitis can be caused not only by the monomer, but also by other additional substances used for the manufacture of prostheses - hydroquinone, benzoyl peroxide, zinc oxide, and dyes. It is difficult to single out one specific ingredient as the main cause of allergic stomatitis. Substances that cause a contact allergic reaction do not have a protein nature. They get these properties by chemically combining with body proteins. Such substances were called haptens. Traumatic prosthetic stomatitis is observed quite often. This is especially evident in the first days of using removable prostheses. Traumatization of the mucous membrane by the edge of the prosthesis at the border of the prosthetic bed is the basis for the formation of haptens.
Considering the presence of electromagnetic radiation in dielectrics, which are orthopedic structures made of plastic, it can be assumed that this action can also be the cause of complications in patients. That is, the given list of requirements for acrylic materials as dielectric materials should include such a parameter as electromagnetic compatibility with adjacent biotissues. The effect of electromagnetic interaction occurs on biotissues adjacent to the prosthesis under the influence of human body temperature. Determining the parameters of this interaction is an urgent task, therefore the purposes of this study is:
determination of the radiation capacity of the most common plastic materials used for the manufacture of prostheses;
comparison of the level of radiation of the studied samples with the level of radiation of the human body;
determination of the level of electromagnetic compatibility of plastic orthopedic structures and the human body.
Theoretical part
Dielectric materials when heated form their own electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter range, which is a general property of heated dielectrics. The level of this radiation (P) is determined by the heating temperature (T) and the emissivity of the material. These parameters are related by the well-known Nyquist formula
, (1)
where:- integral radiation power measured by a radiometric system with an analysis band , – Boltzmann's constant ; T – thermodynamic temperature of the research object; -frequency band, analysis (measurement) of the radiometric system (RS)
From the course of thermodynamics, it is known that the coefficient of emissivity for an absolute black body (ABB) is equal to =1. The level of ABB radiation at a human body temperature of 310K and the analysis band of the radiometric system =108Hz, calculated according to formula (1), is =4,2·10-13W. Using Kirchhoff's formula, it is possible to calculate the emissivity coefficients of the studied materials .
,
where- radiation power of a sample of the material under study, measured by RS; - calculated power.
Dielectric materials should also include bones, liquid fractions of blood and plasma, as well as orthopedic and dental dielectric implants, so as those created by bioengineering and nanomedicine technologies. This fully applies to acrylic plastics and products made from them.
The radiation power of the dielectric materials of implants, at a human body temperature of 310 K, is small (10-13 – 10-14 W), but due to the difference in the radiation of two contacting bodies (implant and biotissue), electromagnetic flows (EMF) of different directions arise. These flows can have a positive or a negative direction and in a certain way affect the adjacent biotissues and the human body as a whole. The body's reaction, despite such a low-intensity level of signals, is confirmed by laboratory studies [4].
Therefore, the study of the interaction of low-intensity microwave radiation of implanted materials with the human body, including biomedical materials, is an urgent task for specialists in various fields - biologists, doctors, physicists, developers of radio technical devices and appliance engineering. It is important to determine the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of implanted materials in the process of such research. The evaluation of this indicator can be carried out by appraising the coefficients of the radiation capacity of the implant material and biotissue, comparing their radiation levels.
The list and features of the studied acrylic materials
Dental materials have certain features of contact with living tissues. They come into contact with both hard and soft tissues of the human body. Accordingly, the impact of emerging flows is more difficult to detect and investigate. The processes that occur during the interaction of implanted materials and adjacent areas of biotissues become more important.
The authors of the publications [5,6] conducted experimental studies of some materials used in reconstructive and restorative surgery of facial bones and cements for fixing orthopedic structures during prosthetics. For some materials, significant differences in the EMF level were found. According to the results of the research, practical recommendations are proposed to limit the use of biomaterials with a significant difference in EMC. Considering the importance of the electromagnetic interaction of prosthetic constructions made of acrylic plastics with the tissues of the human body, the following studies were conducted.
Currently, for the manufacture of some fixed structures (crowns, bridge-like prostheses with plastic lining) and the bases of removable prostheses, many types of plastics are used, which are produced in different countries, in particular, Ukraine, Germany, the USA, the Czech Republic, Japan and others [7]. The following materials can be attributed to the most common in practice.
1. «Ftorax» – material for manufacturing the bases of removable prostheses produced by the company "Stoma" (Ukraine). It is a fluorine-containing acrylic copolymer. It is represented by two components (powder and liquid). The powder is a graft copolymer of methyl ether, methacrylic acid and fluororubber. The liquid is methacrylic acid methyl ether containing diphenylpropanedimethacrylic ether. "Ftorax" belongs to hot hardening plastics. The material accurately conveys the contours of the mucosa of the oral cavity, has high bending strength, optimal elasticity and is well polished, has sufficiently high cosmetic properties.
2."Ethacryl-02" - hot polymerization plastic also from the manufacturer "Stoma" (Ukraine), which in orthopedic dentistry is the option of choice for the manufacture of denture bases in the case of partial defects of the dentition or complete loss of teeth. Among the advantages, the inclusion of an oligomer in the composition of the liquid should be highlighted, which allows to reduce the content of residual monomer and prolong the life of the molding mass, and its high plasticity ensures accurate transfer of the shape of the prosthesis. Similar to "Ftorax", it has high cosmetic properties due to its translucency and the inclusion of "veins" in the composition of the material, imitating the appearance of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.
3. Colorless basic plastic of the company "Stoma" (Ukraine) is a material that is used for the manufacture of the bases of complete removable prostheses in cases where plastic containing dyes is contraindicated for the patient. The powder is a polymethyl methacrylate suspension containing tivumin, which determines the stability of the color of the plastic and prevents its aging from the oxidative action of air. It is also a plastic of hot polymerization. In addition, it contains a component that prevents abrasion and thus provides this material with increased strength.
4. "Vertex Implacryl" of the company "DENTIMEX" (USA) is a super-strong plastic of hot polymerization, which is used for the manufacture of the bases of removable dental prostheses, in particular, partial, complete removable prostheses with support on implants. "Implacryl" is characterized by high impact viscosity, which is 50% higher than that of ordinary base plastics, so this material is particularly resistant to destruction. "Vertex TM Implacryl" in combination with dyes for acrylic plastics "Acrylic Stain" allows to make not only reliable, but also aesthetic dental prostheses.
5. "Vertex Basio 20" (Netherlands) is a hot polymerization plastic used for the manufacture of removable denture bases: partial or complete.
6. "Synma-M" of the company "Stoma" (Ukraine) is also a plastic of hot polymerization, which is used in orthopedic dentistry for the manufacture of crowns and for lining fixed prostheses.
Experimental part
Electromagnetic radiation parameters of acrylic plastics were measured at a frequency of 51 GHz using a highly sensitive radiometric system (RS).
To measure the low-intensity microwave radiation of the human body and implanted materials, at a contact temperature of 36-370 C (or 310 K), it is necessary that the sensitivity of the RS is not lower than the level of 10-14 W [8]. This level of sensitivity ensures reliable registration and makes it possible to estimate the parameters of electromagnetic fields and radiation of the objects under study.
A detailed description of the electromagnetic properties of some medical materials and materials in contact with the human body can be found in the authors' publications [9,10]. It also describes the methods of preparing and conducting engineering experiments, measuring the parameters of biomaterials emission, comparing them and determining the level of electromagnetic compatibility with the human body. The research is based on the method described in the authors' patent [11].
With the use of a highly sensitive radiometric system (RS), the radiative activity of some materials was determined and the possibility of forming positive and negative microwave electromagnetic flows between biotissue and the studied materials or products from them was experimentally demonstrated. Laboratory and clinical studies have confirmed the sufficiently significant influence of positive and negative microwave flows on some cells and on the human body as a whole [12].
Description of the conducted experiment and its results
Acrylic materials in the form of round washers with a diameter of 10 mm were placed in metal containers and placed for 30 minutes into a thermostat with a temperature equivalent to the human body temperature of 310 K.
After warming up, containers with material samples were placed under the receiving antenna of the radiometric system. The diameter of the metal round container is chosen to be slightly smaller than the aperture of the RS receiving antenna to receive the full signal of the material sample under study.
Before the study of the materials, RS calibration and measurement of the radiation level of two respondents were carried out. The average value of the electromagnetic radiation of two respondents was 2.53·10-13W. This value was used for comparison with the radiation level of the studied materials.
The results of emissivity of acrylic materials, coefficients of emissivity and percentage of coincidences are shown in Table 1.
№ The research object Power level (10-13 W) Coefficient % coincidence
1 Human body (respondents) 2,53 0.60 100
2 Ftorax 1,23 0,29 48,3
3 Ethacryl-02 0,95 0.22 36,6
4 Colorless basic plastic 1,49 0,35 58,3
5 Vertex Implacryl 1,52 0,36 58,3
6 Vertex Basio 20 0,89 0,21 35,0
7 Synma-M 1,35 0,32 53,3
8 ABB 4,2 1,0 ˃66
Table 1. The results of measuring the emissivity of acrylics plastics
It should be noted that the total radiation level of the manufactured orthopedic constructions can be much higher and will be described by a more extended formula
,
where- the area of the dental prosthesis that is in contact with the biotissues of the human body;- the area of the studied (on RS) sample of acrylic plastic.
The obtained values of the RS indicator readings, which are presented in the table, were compared with the average value of the body radiation of two respondents.
The results of the research allow us to draw the following conclusions regarding the electromagnetic compatibility of the materials under study

Conclusion

1. The studied samples of acrylic plastics all, without exception, form negative flows of electromagnetic radiation.
2. The highest level of electromagnetic compatibility (58.3%) was found in the acrylic materials "Colorless Basic Plastic" (Ukraine) and "Vertex Implacryl" (Netherlands), as well as in domestically produced materials "Ftorax" and "Synma-M", which have some lower level of coincidence (48-53%).
2. The lowest level of coincidence was recorded in samples of acrylic plastics "Ethacryl - 02" (36.6%) and "Vertex Basio 20" (35.0%).
3. The conducted research makes it possible to choose more acceptable materials for the manufacture of removable dental prostheses, as well as to determine the correlation between the emission of electromagnetic characteristics and the appearance of complications in patients during the operation of these structures.

References

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Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

Luiz Sellmann

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№	The research object	Power level (10-13 W)	Coefficient	% coincidence
1	Human body (respondents)	2,53	0.60	100
2	Ftorax	1,23	0,29	48,3
3	Ethacryl-02	0,95	0.22	36,6
4	Colorless basic plastic	1,49	0,35	58,3
5	Vertex Implacryl	1,52	0,36	58,3
6	Vertex Basio 20	0,89	0,21	35,0
7	Synma-M	1,35	0,32	53,3
8	ABB	4,2	1,0	˃66