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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/383
Euclid University / Engelhardt School of Global Health and Bioethics, 1101 30th Street NW Suite #500 (Fifth Floor), Washington, D.C. 20007, United States.
*Corresponding Author: Julian Lloyd Bruce, Euclid University / Engelhardt School of Global Health and Bioethics, 1101 30th Street NW Suite #500 (Fifth Floor), Washington, D.C. 20007, United States.
Citation: Julian L. Bruce, (2025), Precision Neuroscience’s Layer 7 Cortical Interface: Technical Design, Surgical Integration, and Clinical Outcomes, J. Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, 18(2); DOI:10.31579/2578-8868/383
Copyright: © 2025, Julian Lloyd Bruce. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Received: 09 July 2025 | Accepted: 28 August 2025 | Published: 04 September 2025
Keywords: migraine; pathophysiology; prodromal / premonitory phase; ‘pre-prodromal’ phase / ‘pre-premonitory’ phase; migraine with aura (MwA); migraine without aura (MwoA); chronic migraine (CM)
The Layer 7 Cortical Interface by Precision Neuroscience is a next-generation brain–computer interface (BCI) that offers high-resolution neural access through a minimally invasive, subdural approach. The system eliminates the need for craniotomy while maintaining submillimeter spatial resolution by utilizing ultra-thin, flexible electrode arrays and a proprietary cranial micro-slit insertion method. Each array contains up to 1,024 platinum electrodes and integrates with a compact, real-time signal acquisition platform capable of recording and stimulation. This bidirectional architecture supports closed-loop applications such as motor decoding, sensory feedback, and neuromodulation. Clinical deployments across major U.S. institutions have validated its safety, stability, and signal fidelity in intraoperative and intensive care settings. With demonstrated performance in mapping eloquent cortex, extended monitoring, and targeted stimulation, the Layer 7 system presents a scalable, patient-centric alternative to traditional BCIs—aligning engineering innovation with routine clinical workflows.
Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have progressed rapidly over the past two decades, offering new possibilities for restoring function, improving diagnostics, and enhancing human–machine interaction. Yet despite their promise, the translation of BCIs into widespread clinical use has remained limited, often hindered by trade-offs between signal quality, invasiveness, and long-term safety. Penetrating electrode arrays offer excellent spatial and temporal resolution, but their surgical risk and biocompatibility challenges limit scalability. Conversely, while safer, non-invasive approaches typically suffer from poor signal fidelity and limited bandwidth.
In response to these limitations, a new class of interfaces is emerging—systems that combine high-resolution neural sensing with minimally invasive access to the brain. These architectures aim to retain the signal quality of intracortical methods while offering the safety, scalability, and procedural simplicity needed for routine neurosurgical and neurocritical care applications.
This manuscript presents a technical and translational analysis of one such system: the Layer 7 Cortical Interface. Through its thin-film electrode design, submillimeter spatial resolution, and cranial micro-slit delivery approach, Layer 7 exemplifies a shift toward scalable, high-density cortical interfacing without the need for craniotomy or tissue penetration. The following sections detail its architecture, surgical integration, clinical feasibility, and safety profile, emphasizing how design choices at the system level enable new capabilities at the bedside and in the operating room.
This assessment was developed through a structured review of publicly available scientific and clinical sources from 2019 to 2025. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, IEEE Xplore, bioRxiv, and Google Scholar, with keyword combinations such as “Layer 7 Cortical Interface,” “minimally invasive BCI,” “subdural μECoG,” and “Precision Neuroscience neural implant.” MeSH terms were used where applicable.
Priority was given to peer-reviewed studies, technical preprints, and publicly disclosed clinical data detailing array design, signal acquisition architecture, biocompatibility outcomes, and translational milestones. Where formal documentation was limited due to proprietary constraints, supplementary context was drawn from institutional press releases, FDA summaries, and conference proceedings.
All technical claims were cross-validated across multiple sources, and references with persistent identifiers (DOIs or stable institutional URLs) were prioritized to ensure traceability.
The Layer 7 Cortical Interface by Precision Neuroscience is a high-density, modular micro-electrocorticography (μECoG) platform designed for scalable and minimally invasive access to the cortical surface. Its architecture is built around three core pillars: (1) ultra-thin, conformable electrode arrays; (2) a proprietary cranial micro-slit insertion technique that avoids full craniotomy; and (3) a high-throughput signal acquisition and processing pipeline [1].
Each array module comprises 1,024 platinum electrodes fabricated on a 5 μm-thick polyimide substrate. These arrays are implanted subdurally through <1>
Modularity allows multiple arrays to be tiled across contiguous regions, supporting configurations exceeding 2,000 channels per subject without increased surgical burden. Notably, the system's compact form factor and compatibility with standard neurosurgical workflows distinguish it from penetrating and endovascular BCI approaches [2].
This design is not merely an engineering achievement—it directly addresses longstanding translational challenges in neurotechnology. By eliminating the need for open-skull procedures and reducing the risk of cortical injury, the Layer 7 system broadens the eligible patient population and enables high-density neural interfacing in intraoperative and critical care settings [2].
4.1. Electrode Array Design
Each Layer 7 array is built on an ultra-thin (5 μm) polyimide film and contains up to 1,024 platinum electrodes arranged in a tightly packed hexagonal grid, with 400 μm spacing between sites. The electrode diameters range from 50 to 380 μm, allowing for high-density recording and mechanical flexibility. Electrical impedance—an indicator of how easily the electrodes transmit neural signals—varies from approximately 500 kΩ for small contacts (20 μm) to 32 kΩ for larger ones (200 μm), as measured at 1 kHz using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To further reduce impedance and improve signal quality, the electrodes are coated with PEDOT:PSS, a conductive polymer commonly used to enhance bioelectronic interfaces; this coating lowers impedance to around 5 kΩ for 50 μm contacts [1][3].
Thanks to this configuration, the array achieves a spatial density of approximately 683 electrodes per square centimeter—more than 600 times greater than the widely used AdTech 1×4 strip, which offers just 0.91 electrodes/cm². This dramatically higher density allows the Layer 7 system to resolve neural activity at the submillimeter scale, which is critical for capturing fine-grained cortical functions such as speech production, hand movement, and sensory processing [2].
Clinically, this high resolution allows neurosurgeons and researchers to detect small, localized brain signals that standard grids would miss. For example, during awake craniotomies, the system can more precisely identify the borders of functional areas like Broca's or motor cortex, potentially allowing for safer resections and better preservation of speech or movement function [2].
4.2 Insertion Methodology
The Layer 7 system utilizes a proprietary cranial micro-slit technique, in which the neurosurgeon creates a <1>
In preclinical and cadaveric models, this technique demonstrated complete reversibility without pial disruption. Implantations in Göttingen minipigs and fresh human specimens confirmed compatibility with the somatomotor and perisylvian cortices, and allowed bilateral access without cross-midline dissection. The minimized procedural burden and compatibility with standard instruments make the approach suitable for intraoperative deployment in awake and asleep craniotomies [1]. For clinicians, this translates to a dramatically reduced surgical burden. The technique is compatible with standard neurosurgical workflows and has been validated in cadaveric and preclinical models for access to sensorimotor, language, and visual cortices. It enables high-resolution cortical interfacing in patients who would otherwise be ineligible for penetrating or open-skull BCI systems [5].
4.3 Signal Acquisition and Processing Pipeline
Each Layer 7 array connects to a custom headstage amplifying, digitizing, and processing neural signals in real time. Specifically, the system uses a low-noise analog front-end that boosts weak brain signals (with less than 3.2 µV of input-referred noise), converts them into digital form at 16-bit resolution, and applies real-time digital filtering to clean the data. Channels are sampled at 20–30 thousand times per second, providing enough detail to capture fast brain activity across all electrodes [1].
To manage the high channel count without overwhelming the surgical field, the system incorporates on-array multiplexing via a custom ASIC (ML1664), which reduces the number of required wires by a factor of four. This allows thousands of channels to be streamed over a compact digital interface, minimizing infection risk and mechanical strain [1].
In practice, this design makes it possible to monitor cortical activity with very high temporal resolution—fast enough to catch brief events like epileptiform spikes or cortical spreading depolarizations as they happen [2]. The data stream can also be analyzed using machine learning models on dedicated hardware like GPUs, enabling real-time decoding of brain states for applications such as responsive stimulation or adaptive neuromodulation [6].
4.4 Closed-Loop Integration and Stimulation Capabilities
The Layer 7 system is designed for two-way communication with the brain. Not only can it record neural signals with high spatial and temporal precision, but it can also deliver targeted electrical stimulation through the same electrodes. These stimulation pulses are charge-balanced and biphasic, delivering in alternating phases to prevent tissue damage. The system allows full control over amplitude (10–500 µA), duration (50–500 µs per phase), and frequency (1–200 Hz), with all stimulation kept within safe charge limits (<30>
More importantly, the system supports closed-loop neuromodulation—a process where brain activity is decoded in real time to trigger feedback stimulation. Using neural network models trained on spectral features of recorded signals (such as DenseSparseNet), the platform has achieved 66–76
The Layer 7 Cortical Interface has progressed from preclinical validation to early-phase human deployment across multiple neurosurgical and neurocritical care settings. As of mid-2025, the system has been evaluated in over 37 patients across four major U.S. institutions: West Virginia University's Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute (WVU RNI), Mount Sinai Health System, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). These studies have assessed the system's intraoperative mapping capabilities, extra-operative monitoring potential, and safety profile in acute and subacute contexts.
In all clinical trials, the Layer 7 system was designated as the Test Device (TD) and compared against standard-of-care cortical grids, referred to as Control Devices (CD). This nomenclature is used throughout the following sections to distinguish investigational performance from established benchmarks. The TD has demonstrated high-resolution electrocorticographic (ECoG) acquisition, submillimeter functional mapping, and stable impedance profiles across both intraoperative and extended monitoring paradigms.
5.1 Intraoperative and Extra-operative Use Cases of the Layer 7 Cortical Interface
The Layer 7 Cortical Interface uses a specialized "micro-slit" technique to place ultra-thin electrode arrays directly onto the brain's surface, without removing large sections of skull [1]. Each array module, or Test Device (TD), contains 1,024 flexible electrodes ranging in size from 50 to 380 microns, embedded in a film just 5 microns thick [5]. Intraoperatively, the array is guided through a slit smaller than 1 mm using endoscopic tools and a radiopaque stylet, allowing surgeons to deploy over 1,000 electrodes in less than a minute [7].
In a clinical series involving 17 patients at multiple hospitals, the TD enabled high-resolution mapping of language and motor areas during awake and asleep brain surgeries. Compared to conventional electrode grids—referred to as Control Devices (CDs)—the Layer 7 array delivered clearer signal quality and faster identification of critical brain regions, such as through somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) mapping [2].
The same technology has been used for extended monitoring in intensive care settings outside the operating room. The array's conformable design allows it to remain safely in place for up to 30 days, continuously recording subtle brain signals in patients with traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or refractory epilepsy [8]1. These recordings have identified early indicators of spreading depolarizations and seizure-like activity—signals that often go undetected with standard tools but can provide valuable insight for treatment decisions. When paired with machine learning models, the system can also help track brain activity patterns in real time, supporting assessments of consciousness and neurological recovery in unresponsive patients [9].
5.2 Institutional Collaborations
Extensive preclinical and clinical testing supports the safety and tissue compatibility of the Layer 7 Cortical Interface. In animal studies using Göttingen minipigs, researchers implanted the TD beneath the dura without performing a craniotomy. The results were promising: there was no evidence of bleeding or structural damage to the brain, even after implants were left in place for up to 30 days. Postmortem analysis showed that the brain’s architecture remained intact, with minimal inflammation and no significant activation of microglia—the brain’s immune cells. In addition, the electrode performance remained stable, with impedance values staying within 10% of baseline (average 45 ± 5 kΩ), suggesting reliable long-term electrical function [8].
Similar outcomes were observed in human explants. When TD arrays were removed following intraoperative or short-term use, neurosurgeons reported no visible damage to the brain surface, and MRI scans taken 72 hours after removal showed no swelling, bleeding, or signal abnormalities near the implant site [8]. These findings reinforce the system’s safety profile in real-world surgical settings.
In April 2025, the U.S. FDA 510(k) clearance for the Layer 7 system, allowing it to be used in patients for up to 30 days for diagnostic cortical mapping. In a multicenter trial involving 100 participants, the system demonstrated a low risk of infection (fewer than 1%) and no serious adverse events attributed to the device [16].
Much of this success stems from the device's thoughtful engineering: ultra-thin platinum–iridium electrodes, flexible biocompatible substrates, and a surgical method that avoids craniotomy and minimizes tissue disturbance. Together, these features enable safe use across both short-term and extended monitoring applications, without compromising brain health or performance over time.
The Layer 7 Cortical Interface represents a significant advance in the development of BCIs by combining high-resolution neural access with a surgical strategy that emphasizes patient safety and clinical scalability. Its subdural, non-penetrating configuration, made possible through ultra-thin electrode arrays and a cranial micro-slit delivery method, offers the spatial precision of intracortical systems without the procedural risks associated with open craniotomies. This design enables large-scale recording and targeted stimulation, allowing the system to function effectively across various clinical environments, including neurosurgical operating rooms and intensive care units.
The platform's integrated closed-loop capabilities and modular structure make it well-suited for diagnostic and therapeutic use cases. These include functional brain mapping, long-term neuromonitoring, and real-time neuromodulation. Safety and reliability have been confirmed through preclinical animal studies and early-stage human trials, with regulatory clearance supporting its short-term clinical use. These outcomes indicate the system's readiness for broader implementation in real-world settings.
As the field of neurotechnology progresses toward chronically implanted and autonomous systems, solutions that prioritize reversibility, biocompatibility, and seamless integration into existing clinical workflows will be essential. In this regard, the Layer 7 Cortical Interface serves as a demonstration of engineering achievement and a practical model for the next generation of minimally invasive, clinically relevant BCIs.
All journal policies and submission guidelines were carefully reviewed to ensure full compliance, and the manuscript has not been previously published or submitted elsewhere. The author declares no conflicts of interest. No human, animal, or plant subjects were involved in this literature review, so ethics approval, participant consent, and studies involving plants are not applicable. Additionally, no personal details, images, or videos of individuals are included, which makes publication consent unnecessary. The research did not receive external funding, and no data or supplementary materials are associated with the manuscript. Grammarly AI was used solely to refine grammar, syntax, and paragraph structure. It did not generate ideas or content, thereby preserving the originality of the work.
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I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Giselle Pentón-Rol.
