Managing Syncope in Smaller Setting

Case Report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/264

Managing Syncope in Smaller Setting

  • K. Suresh

Family Physician & Public Health Consultant, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560022, India.

*Corresponding Author: K. Suresh, Family Physician & Public Health Consultant, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560022, India.

Citation: K. Suresh, (2025), Managing Syncope in Smaller Setting, J. General Medicine and Clinical Practice, 8(4); DOI:10.31579/2639-4162/264

Copyright: © 2025, K. Suresh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 28 March 2025 | Accepted: 14 April 2025 | Published: 21 April 2025

Keywords: individual adaptation; interrelation; function; systemic structural trace

Abstract

With all the variety of individual phenotypic adaptation, its development in higher animals is characterized by certain common features. There are two stages in the development of most adaptive reactions, namely: the initial stage of urgent but imperfect adaptation and the subsequent stage of perfect, long-term adaptation. The urgent stage of the adaptive reaction occurs immediately after the onset of the stimulus and, therefore, can be realized only on the basis of ready-made, previously formed physiological mechanisms. The obvious manifestations of urgent adaptation are the animal's flight in response to pain, an increase in heat production in response to cold, an increase in heat transfer in response to heat, an increase in pulmonary ventilation and minute volume of blood circulation in response to lack of oxygen. The most important feature of this stage of adaptation is that the body's activity proceeds at the limit of its physiological capabilities — with almost complete mobilization of the functional reserve — and does not fully provide the necessary adaptive effect. Thus, running of an unadapted animal or human occurs at near-maximum values of the minute volume of the heart and pulmonary ventilation, with maximum mobilization of the glycogen reserve in the liver; due to insufficiently rapid oxidation of pyruvate in muscle mitochondria, the level of lactate in the blood increases. This lacedemia limits the intensity of the load — the motor reaction can be neither fast enough nor long enough. Thus, adaptation is implemented "from the spot", but it turns out to be imperfect.

Introduction

Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness and postural tone that occurs suddenly due to decreased cerebral blood flow, followed by spontaneous recovery. It affects 3% of males and 3.5% of females at some point in life [1,2]. As people get older incidence increases to affect up to 6% of people over age 75 years [2]. Vasovagal syncope (VVS), the commonest type of such a problem is defined as “the development of hypotension and bradycardia with the typical clinical manifestations of pallor, sweating and weakness and complete loss of consciousness for no more than 20 Seconds [4, 5]. VVS is frequent and benign, most people do not need special treatment, but repeated episodes and VVS in elderly can become a significant health and social challenge. India witnesses around 500,000 cases of Syncope each year of which one thirds are recurrent episodes and 70,000 are recurrent, infrequent unexplained Syncope [3]. Syncope in childhood is a common medical problem with an estimated incidence of 125.8 per 100.000 children and it is more frequent in females [1]. Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when a person has been standing for a while, or changes from a sitting to a standing position. Blood pools in the legs, preventing a normal amount of blood from being pumped to the brain. This brief drop in blood flow to the brain causes a person to faint. This more commonly occurs in older adults [5]. Presyncope is the prodrome of syncope in the absence of transient loss of consciousness in a person who has used countermeasures like sitting or lying down to avoid syncope. It is nothing but orthostasis without loss of consciousness or postural tone. [1,4]. Orthostasis" is the physiological response of the body’s autonomic nervous system, to maintain blood pressure when transitioning from a lying or sitting position to an upright position [6]. The condition can occur at any age, but a common clinical condition in the elderly with or without other medical issues. VVS or Transient Loss of Consciousness (TLOC) or is also a well-known phenomenon in dental/ maxillofacial surgery.

Syncope is associated with significant morbidity and risk of recurrence. Though Its pathophysiology remains to be fully elucidated, there appears to be a relation between trigemino-cardiac reflex and syncope, as seen under general anaesthesia when all sympathetic reflexes are blunted and under local anaesthesia during extractions of maxillary molars and mediate syncope [8]. Recurrent syncope causing a repeated reduction in the cerebral blood flow can predispose to progressive neurodegeneration, a decline in overall health and functionality [9]. Presyncope and syncope have a similar prognosis. Occasional dizziness or light-headedness may also be triggered by mild dehydration, low blood sugar or overheating, and standing up after sitting for a long time, with no cause for concern. If the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, even for just a few seconds, occur frequently need medical consultation right away.  This article is prompted by occasional attacks of Syncope by self and other cases managed or overseen & requisite literature search on pathophysiology & global management practices. It is necessary for all nations to take effective measures to address this problem given the commitment for healthy ageing life expectancy (HALE) challenge [13].

Case Reports:

  1. Autobiography of the author: This author in his early 80 years, Diabetic (T2D) since 1991 and Hypertensive since 1992, both reasonably well controlled, having undergone CABG in 2005, and post CABG angioplasty in February 2023. He has been getting episodes of Syncope since 2021, once in 2-3 months, whenever he gets up from sitting on the floor {(squatting) for choosing vegetables in the street side markets or for spreading them on the floor at home to dry them before cleaning and packing} to stand erect. The dizziness lasts for about 10-15 seconds, as he takes support of a wall and becomes normal. All biomarkers, cardiovascular and Neurological imaging investigations are normal. He is managing by countermeasures like taking support of wall or a table or a chair or sitting to avoid syncope. 
  2. Syncope Secondary to Arrhythmogenic Ventricular Cardiomyopathy:  A 65-year-old Indian rural female presented to a private tertiary care hospital with a syncopal episode while she was walking home from evening stroll. She is known diabetic and hypertensive for last 2 decades, both not well controlled as she is not regular in medication. She complained of palpitations for a week. She could not recall the syncopal episode fully and was supported by friends who were walking with her. On arrival at the hospital, her electrocardiogram (ECG) showed normal sinus rhythm (NSR) with right axis deviation (RAD) and right bundle branch block (RBBB). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed preserved biventricular function, mild bi-atrial dilatation, and features suggestive of atrial fibrillation and ventricular cardiomyopathy. She was put on bisoprolol and had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator fitted and discharged home with cardiology follow-up.
  3. Syncope in Carotid Sinus Syndrome: A 58-year-old male presented to a private clinic where the doctor had recently done a course on palliative care in 2020.  He gave an history of and discharge summary from a specialised in hospital head and neck oncology Carotid Sinus Syndrome. The discharge summary read: A swelling in the left angle of the mandible was detected on physical examination. On magnetic resonance imaging, it was found to be encroaching the carotid space/indenting carotid arteries. Histopathological examination of an incisional biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma. As the mass was found to be surgically unresectable, and he had not tolerated chemotherapy (oral metronomic chemotherapy combination of twice daily celecoxib 200 mg and weekly methotrexate 15 mg/m2) for which, he developed Grade 4 paclitaxel hypersensitivity. Therefore, he was managed by palliative care.  We started him on tablets morphine 60 mg/day and paracetamol 2 gm/day and pregabalin 75 mg at bedtime for neuropathic pain (WHO Step III analgesics). He started having syncopal attacks after a week. This too was stopped, and he was further investigated. All fasting blood glucose, liver enzymes, serum creatinine, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus), complete blood count, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were reported normal.  On admission, the patient had a heart rate of 48 beats/min and was hypotensive (90/70 mmHg). ECG was normal, apart from bradycardia. Renal function test and serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus) were all normal. Echocardiography showed normal Left ventricular structure and functions. Computed tomography scan of brain and thorax were normal; no metastatic lesions were found. 

Following a quick cardiac consultation he was put on intravenous atropine 0.5 mg, repeated 5 more times, which helped to tide over the hemodynamic crisis. 

Detailed evaluation of the case pointed out the cause as left carotid sinus syndrome (CSH), which is an exaggerated response to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation and results in dizziness or syncope from transient diminished cerebral perfusion. 

In this case, mechanical deformation of the carotid sinus had led to an exaggerated response with bradycardia or vasodilatation, resulting in hypotension and syncope. 

  1. Psychotropic Syncope: A young lady of 21 years presented to a medical college OPD in December 2024, with the history of a apparent loss of consciousness for about 20 seconds that morning and a week ago also. She gave history of similar episodes whenever she stood up associated with palpitations for the last 6 months. Her episodes were aggravated during hot weather, hot water shower or and loud noise. She was highly stressed due to failing matrimonial negotiations since a year and was also anxious for which she had consulted a neurologist & was on psychotropic drugs. 
  2. Cough Induced Syncope: A 34 years-old male presented on 14 January 2025 with a 2-week history of multiple episodes where he lost consciousness during or after cough. The syncopal events lasted for durations ranging from 30-60 seconds.  There was history of brief jerky movements of body during the episode but no history of incontinence or tongue biting. Chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests were normal. A 2D-ECHO suggested mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with EF of 60%. He was a chronic alcoholic, weighting 97kgs and his BMI was 32.4. During consultation, the clinician witnessed episodes of cough-induced syncope. During the episode, his systolic blood pressure showed a reduction from 110 mmHg to 80 mmHg. His face became congested, and he lost his conscious. The blood pressure returned to baseline as soon as the symptoms resolved. CECT chest was normal except for an incidental finding of osteochondroma of 3rd and 4th right thoracic ribs. Symptomatic management of cough (steam inhalation, cough suppressants & antihistaminic, bronchodilators.) was done.  Dietary and lifestyle modification was advised to the patient. Outpatient follow-up weekly for three subsequent visits he is having no more syncopal attacks. 

Discussions:

Today, vasovagal syncope is a common problem that has become a significant health and social challengeApproximately 35% of people between 35 and 60 years of age have had at least one episode of VVS. By age 60, 42% of women and 32% of men experience vasovagal syncope at least once [5]. In a review of 12 studies with a sample size of 36,156 people, the global prevalence of vasovagal syncope was reported as 16.4 (95%CI: 6–37.5). The annual incidence of syncope is 5.7 episodes per 1000 individuals between 60 and 69 years and 11.1 episodes per 1000 individuals between 70 and 79 years, and after 80 years it rises to 19.5 per 1000 individuals [2] in Engaland.  Syncope is a common in India, with incidence increasing with age, particularly after 70 years, and vasovagal syncope being the most frequent cause, especially in younger individuals. Syncope is broadly classified into four categories: reflex-mediated (neutrally mediated), cardiac, orthostatic, and neurological. In India Vasovagal Syncope (Neurocardiogenic) is the most common type of syncope, particularly in younger individuals followed by Cardiac causes which become more prevalent with age, including arrhythmias, structural heart problems, and ischemic heart disease, Orthostatic Hypotension is another common cause, especially in older adults, often related to medications or autonomic dysfunction. Some other causes include Neurological, endocrinological, & psychiatric disorders. Unexplained Syncope in which the cause remains unknown accounts for about 10% [13,4,5]. 

India specific epidemiological data is limited compared to other countries, but some specific considerations include i) Cultural & socioeconomic factors that influence the presentation and management. ii)The high prevalence of cardiovascular disease causes is a significant concern. More research is needed to better understand the epidemiology, causes, and management of syncope in the Indian population. Other non-Syncope causes of transient loss of consciousness include hypoglycaemia, seizure, concussion, psychogenic. 

Vasovagal syncope is the most benign type of syncope, with an average prevalence of 22% in the general population, with a significant medical, social, and economic impact on the general population [7,9]. Approximately 35% of people between 35 and 60 years of age have had at least one episode of VVS. By age 60, 42% of women and 32% of men experience vasovagal syncope at least once [2]. The risk of vasovagal syncope is approximately between 3% of visits to the emergency room and 5% of outpatient visits to the hospitals [3].     

Pathophysiology:

When a person stands, gravity causes blood to pool in the lower extremities, potentially leading to a drop in blood pressure and reduced blood flow to the brain. To counteract this, the body activates i) The sympathetic nervous system that constricts blood vessels and increases heart rate to maintain blood pressure ii) Muscle pumps and the non-uniform distensibility of blood vessels help to return blood to the heart.  Most cases of Syncope are reflex mediated (60% -Vasovagal, Situational & Carotid sinus) followed by Orthostatic (15%- volume depletion, drug induced & autonomic failure) Arrythmias {10% either increased heart rate (VT, SVT) or decreased heart rate (Sinus Bradycardia, SSS, AVB)} and Cardiovascular or Structural (5%- Valvular, Vascular, obstructive or pump failure) defects. In 10

References

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To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

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Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

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Dr Shweta Tiwari

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

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Dr Farooq Wandroo

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

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Dr Anyuta Ivanova

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

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Dr David Vinyes

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

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Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

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Dr Elvira Farina

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

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Dr Oleg Golyanovski

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.

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Dr Farahnaz Fallahian

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.

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Dr Victor Olagundoye

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD

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Dr Eric S Nussbaum

Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.

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Hala Al Shaikh

Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.

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Dr Rakhi Mishra

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.

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Dr Walter F Riesen

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.

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Dr Jelle Lettinga

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora

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Dariusz Ziora