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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/273
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria.
2Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilisha-Remo, Ognu State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author: Emmanuel M. Akwuruoha, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria.
Citation: Emmanuel M. Akwuruoha and Christian O. Onyemereze, Cyril U. Akwuruoha., (2025), Management and Treatment Modalities of Miscarriage in Nigeria: A Case Study of Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, J. Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, 9(5) DOI:10.31579/2578-8965/273
Copyright: © 2025, Emmanuel M. Akwuruoha. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 24 June 2025 | Accepted: 03 July 2025 | Published: 14 July 2025
Keywords: miscarriage; management modalities; medical abortion; surgical evacuation; nigeria; abia state; maternal health
Background: Miscarriage remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity in Nigeria, yet variations exist in its management across healthcare settings. This study aimed to assess the management and treatment modalities of miscarriage at Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Aba, and explore associated factors and provider experiences.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at ABSUTH from January 2023 to December 2024. The study reviewed 220 systematically sampled clinical records of women aged 15–49 years who received care for miscarriage. Additionally, 30 purposively selected healthcare providers participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were collected using structured extraction forms and interview guides. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Pearson’s correlation. Thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data.
Results: Most patients were aged 25–34 years (44.55%) and married (78.64%). The commonest type of miscarriage was incomplete abortion (43.64%). Diagnosis was predominantly clinical combined with ultrasound (64.55%). Management modalities included surgical intervention (41.36%), medical treatment with misoprostol ± mifepristone (40.00%), and expectant management (18.64%). Age (χ² = 12.83, p = 0.045) and educational level (χ² = 14.55, p = 0.024) were significantly associated with the chosen management modality. Significant correlations existed between management type and age (r = -0.21, p < 0.05), parity (r = -0.16, p < 0.05), and gestational age (r = 0.29, p < 0.05). Providers reported partial adherence to guidelines, with challenges including resource limitations and training gaps. Patients expressed concerns about delays and lack of psychosocial support.
Conclusion: Management of miscarriage at ABSUTH reflects a balance of medical, surgical, and expectant modalities influenced by patient factors and institutional constraints. Strengthening adherence to guidelines, improving resource availability, and enhancing provider training and psychosocial support systems are recommended.
Miscarriage, also referred to as spontaneous abortion, remains one of the most common complications of early pregnancy globally, with significant clinical, psychological, and social consequences for affected women. It is typically defined as the loss of a pregnancy before fetal viability, usually before 20 weeks of gestation [1]. In sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, the burden of miscarriage is considerable, influenced by a range of socio-demographic, medical, and environmental factors [2]. The true incidence of miscarriage in Nigeria is difficult to estimate due to underreporting, inadequate vital registration systems, and socio-cultural stigmas that may prevent women from seeking care or disclosing pregnancy losses [3]. Nonetheless, hospital-based studies suggest that miscarriage accounts for a substantial proportion of emergency gynecological admissions and maternal morbidity [4].
In Nigeria, the management and treatment modalities of miscarriage are influenced by a combination of medical protocols, resource availability, cultural norms, and health system factors. Standard treatment approaches include expectant management, medical management (commonly with misoprostol), and surgical management such as manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) or dilatation and curettage (D&C) [5]. Among these, MVA has been widely promoted due to its safety, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for low-resource settings [6]. However, disparities exist in the actual implementation of these modalities across various health institutions in Nigeria, often shaped by institutional protocols, healthcare provider training, patient preferences, and the availability of necessary medical supplies [7].
Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, serves as a major referral center for obstetric and gynecological emergencies in southeastern Nigeria. It provides a unique setting to explore how miscarriage is managed within a tertiary care context, where both modern and traditional influences may shape patient care. Previous studies in similar settings have highlighted the challenges associated with miscarriage management, including late presentation, inadequate use of evidence-based medical regimens, and limited access to timely surgical intervention [8]. Furthermore, the psychological and emotional support offered to women following miscarriage remains inconsistent, despite growing evidence linking miscarriage to adverse mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety [9].
The Nigerian government and international health organizations continue to advocate for improvements in post-abortion care, including comprehensive management of miscarriage as part of reproductive health services [6,10]. Despite these policy efforts, there remain critical gaps in understanding how miscarriage is managed on the ground, particularly in tertiary health facilities like Abia State University Teaching Hospital. Analyzing the patterns of care, treatment choices, and outcomes within this hospital will provide valuable insights for strengthening clinical practice, improving patient-centered care, and informing policy implementation in similar contexts.
This study is therefore vital in contributing to the limited body of research focusing on miscarriage management in southeastern Nigeria. It seeks to document the treatment modalities employed, assess their alignment with best practice guidelines, and identify potential areas for improvement in service delivery. By focusing on a case study of Abia State University Teaching Hospital, the research aims to generate evidence that can inform institutional protocols and health policy while ultimately improving maternal health outcomes in Nigeria.
Study Design
This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design aimed at assessing the management and treatment modalities of miscarriage among women who presented at Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Aba. The study covered a review of clinical records and primary data collection through structured questionnaires and interviews with healthcare providers and patients.
Study Area
The research was conducted at Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), a tertiary healthcare facility located in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. ABSUTH serves as a referral center for surrounding primary and secondary health institutions in Abia State and neighboring states. The hospital has dedicated departments of obstetrics and gynecology, offering comprehensive maternal and reproductive health services, including miscarriage management.
Study Population
The study population comprised:
Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Sample Size Determination
The sample size was calculated based on Cochran’s formula for population proportion estimation, following the methodology described by Ezebuiro et al. [11]:
The formula components are defined as follows:
n represents the minimum required sample size.
Z is set at 1.96, corresponding to a 95% confidence level.
P denotes prevalence of miscarriage in Nigeria.
e signifies the allowable margin of error, fixed at 5% (0.05).
q = 1 - p
A recent study conducted by Eleje et al. [12] reports the prevalence of miscarriage in Nigeria as 15.34%
P = 15.34% = 0.1534
q = 1 – 0.1534
= 0.8466
n = 
n = 
n = 
= 199.56
This yielded a minimum sample size of 200. However, considering feasibility, hospital records, and potential non-responses, 220 patients’ records were targeted. Additionally, 30 healthcare providers were purposively sampled for qualitative interviews.
Sampling Technique
For patient records: systematic random sampling was used. The list of miscarriage cases during the study period was obtained from the medical records department, and every kth case was selected after a random start.
For healthcare providers: purposive sampling was adopted to include all key cadres involved in miscarriage management (consultants, senior registrars, registrars, residents, midwives, and nurses).
Data Collection Instruments
1. Structured Data Extraction Form: Designed to collect information from patient medical records, including:
2. Semi-structured Interview Guide: For healthcare providers to explore:
Ethical Considerations
Permission to access medical records was secured from hospital authorities. Informed consent was obtained from all healthcare providers interviewed. Confidentiality and anonymity were assured by de-identifying all data before analysis and publication.
Data Collection Procedure
Patient records review: Trained research assistants retrieved relevant case files from the records department. Data were extracted systematically using the pre-tested form.
Healthcare provider interviews: Conducted face-to-face in a private setting within the hospital, ensuring confidentiality. Interviews were audio-recorded with consent and supplemented by field notes.
Quantitative data: Entered into IBM SPSS version 26 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) were used to summarize data. Cross-tabulations and chi-square tests were applied to examine associations between socio-demographic factors and the choice of management modality.
Qualitative data: Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, with coding done manually and recurring themes identified regarding practices and challenges in miscarriage management.
A total of 220 respondents participated in the study. The majority were aged 25–34 years (44.55%), followed by those aged 35–44 years (25.45%) and 15–24 years (19.09%). Most were married (78.64%) and had at least secondary education (41.36%), while 33.64% attained tertiary education. Regarding parity, 37.27% had 1–2 children, while 30.91% were nulliparous (Table 1).
In terms of miscarriage types, incomplete abortion was most common (43.64%), followed by inevitable (15.00%) and missed abortions (15.00%). Threatened and complete abortions accounted for 12.27% and 14.09%, respectively (Figure 1). The predominant diagnostic method combined clinical evaluation with ultrasound (64.55%), while 26.36% were diagnosed clinically alone (Figure 2). Surgical management was the most utilized modality (41.36%), closely followed by medical management (40.00%), and expectant management accounted for 18.64% (Figure 3).
Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between age and parity (r = 0.41, p < 0.05), age and management modality (r = -0.21, p < 0.05), parity and management modality (r = -0.16, p < 0.05), and gestational age with management modality (r = 0.29, p< 0.05) (Table 2). Chi-square analysis showed significant associations between age group and management modality (χ² = 12.83, df = 6, p = 0.045) and between educational level and management modality (χ² = 14.55, df = 6, p = 0.024) (Table 3).
Qualitative data from healthcare providers highlighted partial adherence to national guidelines, challenges such as limited misoprostol availability, and the emotional toll of managing miscarriages (Table 4). Patient interviews revealed mixed perceptions of care, with long waiting times being a common concern. Some patients expressed preference for surgical intervention for quicker resolution and reported inadequate counseling (Table 5).
| Variable | Frequency (n = 220) | Percentage (%) |
| Age Group (years) | ||
| 15–24 | 42 | 19.09 |
| 25–34 | 98 | 44.55 |
| 35–44 | 56 | 25.45 |
| 45–49 | 24 | 10.91 |
| Marital Status | ||
| Married | 173 | 78.64 |
| Single | 33 | 15.00 |
| Divorced | 9 | 4.09 |
| Widowed | 5 | 2.27 |
| Educational Level | ||
| No formal education | 18 | 8.18 |
| Primary | 37 | 16.82 |
| Secondary | 91 | 41.36 |
| Tertiary | 74 | 33.64 |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 68 | 30.91 |
| 1–2 | 82 | 37.27 |
| 3–4 | 53 | 24.09 |
| ≥5 | 17 | 7.73 |
Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Figure 1: Type of Miscarriage Diagnosed
Figure 2: Diagnostic Methods Used
Figure 3: Management Modalities
| Variable | Age | Parity | Gestational Age | Management Modality (coded) |
| Age | 1 | 0.41* | 0.05 | -0.21* |
| Parity | 0.41* | 1 | 0.11 | -0.16* |
| Gestational Age | 0.05 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.29* |
| Management Modality (coded: 1=Expectant, 2=Medical, 3=Surgical) | -0.21* | -0.16* | 0.29* | 1 |
Table 2: Correlation Matrix (Pearson’s r)
*Correlation is significant at p < 0.05.
| Variable vs Management Modality | χ² | df | p-value |
| Age group | 12.83 | 6 | 0.045* |
| Parity | 10.14 | 6 | 0.118 |
| Marital status | 8.72 | 6 | 0.190 |
| Educational level | 14.55 | 6 | 0.024* |
Table 3: Chi-square Tests of Association
*Significant at p < 0.05
| Theme | Key Findings |
| Adherence to guidelines | Most reported partial adherence to national protocols due to resource constraints. |
| Challenges in management | Limited availability of misoprostol; occasional lack of functional MVA kits; patient late presentation. |
| Decision drivers for modality | Severity of bleeding, patient preference, and availability of theatre space. |
| Training and competence | Some midwives reported need for more hands-on training in MVA. |
| Emotional impact on providers | Providers noted emotional toll of frequent miscarriage cases and need for better psychosocial support systems. |
Table 4: Themes from Healthcare Provider Interviews (n = 30)
| Theme | Response |
| Perception of care | “The doctors were kind, but I waited many hours before treatment.” |
| Preference for management | “I preferred surgery so it would be over quickly.” |
| Understanding of miscarriage cause | “I don’t know why it happened. Maybe stress or work.” |
| Support received | “My husband was supportive, but no counseling was offered at hospital.” |
Table 5: Summary of Patient Interview Insights (n = 20)
The present study investigated the management and treatment modalities of miscarriage at Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, providing valuable insights into patterns of diagnosis, intervention, and influencing factors within this setting. The findings align in several respects with existing literature while also highlighting unique local challenges and practices that warrant attention.
The socio-demographic profile of respondents in this study revealed that the majority were women aged 25–34 years (44.55%) and 35–44 years (25.45%), with a significant proportion being married (78.64%) and having secondary or tertiary education (41.36% and 33.64%, respectively). These patterns are consistent with the demographic most affected by miscarriage globally, as reproductive-age women within these brackets represent the population at highest risk for pregnancy loss [13,14]. Similar trends were reported by Ikechebelu et al. [15] in Southeast Nigeria, where the majority of miscarriage cases occurred among married women aged 25–34 years. The association between educational level and management modality observed in this study (χ² = 14.55, p = 0.024) further suggests that educational status may influence health-seeking behavior and possibly preferences for care, corroborating findings from earlier Nigerian studies [16].
Regarding types of miscarriage, incomplete abortion was most common (43.64%), followed by inevitable and missed abortions (each 15%). This predominance of incomplete miscarriage mirrors reports from other Nigerian tertiary hospitals, where incomplete abortion often results from late presentation or delayed care-seeking [17]. Globally, incomplete miscarriages remain the most frequently managed type in low-resource settings, where patients may delay seeking medical attention [18].
Diagnostic methods relied heavily on clinical examination combined with ultrasound (64.55%), with only a minority receiving adjunct laboratory testing. This diagnostic pattern aligns with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations advocating ultrasound as the gold standard where available [19]. However, the reliance on clinical diagnosis alone in about a quarter of cases (26.36%) reflects the ongoing limitations in diagnostic infrastructure, as similarly reported in studies from other sub-Saharan African settings [20].
In terms of management, surgical intervention (41.36%) and medical management with misoprostol (40.00%) were nearly equally utilized, while expectant management accounted for 18.64% of cases. This distribution reflects a shift from exclusive surgical management, as noted in older Nigerian studies [17], toward greater incorporation of medical management, in line with global trends and national protocols [21]. However, the interviews with healthcare providers revealed gaps in implementation, with reports of inconsistent access to misoprostol and functional manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) kits. These findings echo challenges reported by Adeniran et al. [22], who found that stock-outs and equipment shortages significantly hinder miscarriage care in Nigerian hospitals.
The statistically significant association between age group and management modality (χ² = 12.83, p = 0.045) and between educational level and management modality suggests that both biological and social determinants influence care pathways. Younger women and those with higher education may be more likely to opt for or be offered medical rather than surgical management, as similarly observed in studies from Kenya and Ghana [23,24].
Correlation analysis revealed that gestational age was positively associated with the choice of management modality (r = 0.29, p < 0 xss=removed>
The qualitative findings add important context. Providers reported partial adherence to national guidelines, primarily due to resource constraints and late presentation by patients. Similar challenges were identified in the work of Banke-Thomas et al. [27], which underscored the impact of health system limitations on miscarriage care in Nigerian urban centers. The emotional toll on providers noted in this study is also consistent with international findings emphasizing the need for structured psychosocial support for both staff and patients [28].
Patient perspectives highlighted mixed experiences: while many appreciated provider kindnesses, they were dissatisfied with long waiting times and the lack of counseling services. These insights resonate with studies by Akinlusi et al. [16] and Geller et al. [29], which emphasized the critical role of timely care and emotional support in shaping patient satisfaction and recovery after miscarriage. That most women did not understand the cause of their miscarriage reflects the widespread gaps in patient education, as similarly reported in previous Nigerian and global studies [18,30].
While the management of miscarriage at Abia State University Teaching Hospital demonstrates commendable integration of medical and surgical modalities in line with contemporary standards, significant challenges persist. These include infrastructural deficiencies, inconsistent guideline adherence, inadequate patient education, and insufficient emotional support mechanisms. Addressing these gaps will require concerted efforts to strengthen health systems, ensure consistent supply chains for essential medications and equipment, and embed psychosocial support within routine miscarriage care.
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Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
