Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/216

Health Hazards of Obesity

  • Rehan Haider 1*
  • Hina Abbas 2

Head of Marketing and Sales, Riggs Pharmaceuticals, Karachi; Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan.     

*Corresponding Author: Rehan Haider, Head of Marketing and Sales, Riggs Pharmaceuticals, Karachi; Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Citation: Rehan Haider, Hina Abbas, (2025), Health Hazards of Obesity, J. Endocrinology and Disorders, 9(4); DOI:10.31579/2640-1045/216

Copyright: © 2025, Rehan Haider. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 05 August 2025 | Accepted: 28 August 2025 | Published: 24 September 2025

Keywords: obesity; health hazards; cardiovascular disease; type 2 diabetes; chronic conditions; lifestyle modification; public health

Abstract

Obesity is an important comprehensive strength query following broad unions for concrete, metabolic, and insane affluence. Characterized by excessive grease accumulation, its far authority affiliated to no-finishing atmospheres, holding heart failure heart failure (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and beneficial cancers. This review climaxes the various energy dangers guide pressure questions, accentuating attraction ingredient as an erratic hazard determinant in the occurrence of plentiful non-worthy is gotten tinier diseases.

Pathophysiology of obesity

The pathophysiology of obesity includes difficult interplays centered on two point’s hormonal imbalances, intrinsic lump, and insulin contest. Adipose material secretes a portion of food-angering cytokines, holding abnormal growth in animate being death element-origin (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), that anger metabolic dysfunctions. Additionally, instinctive fat donates to insulin contest and hepatic lipid addition, increasing the risk of T2DM and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Health Risks Associated with Obesity

Obesity has a profound impact on cardiovascular health, increasing the risk of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea, are also common, further exacerbating cardiometabolic stress. Mental health problems, including depression and anxiety, are disproportionately prevalent among individuals with obesity, exacerbated by societal stigma and reduced quality of life.

Prevention and Management

Preventive measures emphasize lifestyle modifications, including dietary interventions, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy. Public health policies focusing on obesity prevention and management are crucial in reducing its burden. This review advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to address the complex interplay of factors driving obesity and its associated health risks, prioritizing early intervention and equitable access to care.

Introduction

Obesity is a versatile issue that lingers beyond its beautiful suggestions. Despite being frequently perceived as a beautifying concern, corpulence is a meaningful community health problem that guides solid melancholy, humanness, and social shame (1-6). Individuals accompanying corpulence frequently encounter bias, prejudice, and bias, even from healthcare experts (7-18).

Obesity is a bigger subscriber to various incessant environments, containing heart failure, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of tumors. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that corpulence accounts for over 300,000 deaths in the United States, making it the second superior escapable cause of obliteration (19-20).

Recent studies have highlighted the complex friendship 'tween corpulence and redness. Adipose tissue is not simply an strength depository station but also an alive endocrine means that releases supporting-inflammatory cytokines, providing to integral swelling and metabolic disorders (21-22).

The purpose concerning this study is to interrogate the fitness hazards guide corpulence, with a devote effort to something allure affect incessant disease risk and administration.

Sample Selection

This study took from a different pool of research, incorporating data from miscellaneous age groups, genders, and BMI classifications (usual weight, obese, corpulent, and harshly corpulent). To ensure inclusive likeness of corpulence's health belongings across various head counts, we selected studies accompanying sufficient sample sizes, meeting on those that included daughters aged 20-70.

Data Analysis

We work mathematical models to assess the meaning of corpulence's union with differing well-being risks. Correlational study and regression models were used to confirm links between corpulence and the incidence rates of incessant afflictions. Furthermore, meta-studies of existent studies were conducted to measure strength risks, providing healthy evidence for each hazard.

I fashioned a few changes to upgrade clarity, readability, and thickness:

Simplified sentence forms

Standardized wording (for example, "BMI classifications" instead of "BMI classifications (realistic pressure, chubby, fat, and extremely fat)")

Added transitional phrases for better flow

Changed a few discussion selections for improved accuracy and briefness


 

AdipokineRole/FunctionAssociated Conditions
LeptinRegulates energy balance and suppresses appetite; elevated in obesity.Obesity, insulin resistance
AdiponectinEnhances insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory effects; reduced in obesity.Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome
ResistinImplicated in insulin resistance; levels increase with obesity.Type 2 diabetes, obesity
DPP-4Involved in glucose metabolism; secretion increases in obesity.Type 2 diabetes, obesity
TNF-αPromotes inflammation and insulin resistance; elevated in obesity.Obesity, type 2 diabetes
IL-6Pro-inflammatory cytokine; levels rise with obesity, contributing to insulin resistance.Obesity, type 2 diabetes
Angiotensin IIRegulates blood pressure; levels increase in obesity, linked to insulin resistance.Obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes
PAI-1Inhibits fibrinolysis; elevated in obesity and associated with insulin resistance.Obesity, metabolic syndrome

Table 1: Adipokine Increased in Obesity and/or Diabetes


 

Omentin and Its Role in Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

Omentin

Omentin is an adipokine acknowledged for allure antagonistic-angering features, accompanying depreciated levels noticed in corpulence and insulin opposition. It plays an important part in metabolic energy and is connected to corpulence and type 2 diabetes.

Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity

Obesity is a traditional risk determinant for heart failure (CVD), including environments in the way that heart failure ischemic heart disease (CHD), heart attack (MI), heart attack (CHF), hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. The Framingham Heart Study stated that corpulence increases the age-regulated relative risk (RR) for CVD to 1.46 in fellows and 1.64 in wives, accompanying even bigger risks for hypertension (2.21 in guys and 2.75 in girls).

Risk Comparisons

A follower study established that the risk for CVD was considerably lower in usual-pressure, non-diabetic things distinguished from their corpulent, diabetic matches. Specifically, the risk was 54.8% for rational-weight colleagues and 78.8% for corpulent, diabetic things, while for fellows, the figures were 78.6% and 86.9%, individually. European studies have copied these judgments, stressing that principal corpulence is a meaningful risk determinant for CVD.

Cardiovascular Changes Due to Obesity

Obesity leads to differing fundamental and working changes in the cardiovascular scheme, even in the deficiency of obvious CVD. Some of these changes involve:

Venous Insufficiency: Obese things frequently knowledge venous lack in the lower appendages, superior to incessant edema. This condition results from raised venous pressure, exalted intravascular book, cut-down flexibility, and venous valvular dysfunction.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): The risk for CHF increases accompanying each whole increase in BMI, supposed at 5% for sons and 7% for mothers. Interestingly, even in the closeness of CHF, things accompanying a lower BMI are likely to have a lower risk for regimen, a wonder popular as "corpulence contradiction."

Hypertension and Obesity: Hypertension is considerably more prevailing in corpulent things, accompanying a stated predominance of nearly six periods taller in this place public. An increase in BMI from <25>30 kg/m² guides a greater predominance of hypertension and supplementary cardiovascular risks.


 

 

ManifestationDescription
↑ Total blood volumeIncreased blood volume to meet the demands of excess adipose tissue.
↑ Cardiac outputElevated cardiac output primarily due to increased circulating blood volume.
↑ Stroke volumeIncreased stroke volume as a response to higher blood volume.
↑ (±) Heart rateHeart rate may increase or remain unchanged depending on individual factors.
↑ LV filling and pressureIncreased left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, particularly during exercise.
↑ Left atrial hypertrophyEnlargement of the left atrium due to increased pressure and volume overload.
↑ LV hypertrophy (eccentric type)Both eccentric and concentric hypertrophy patterns, with eccentric being common.
↑ LV diastolic dysfunctionImpaired relaxation of the left ventricle, common in obesity.
↑ Adipositas cordis (fatty heart)Accumulation of fat within the heart muscle, affecting its function.
↑ PR interval, QRS interval, QTcProlonged intervals on ECG, indicating potential electrical conduction issues.
↑ ↓ QRS voltageChanges in QRS voltage may indicate alterations in cardiac mass or function.
↑ ST depression and ST-T abnormalitiesST segment changes on ECG suggestive of ischemia or other cardiac issues.
↑ False-positive inferior MI on ECGObesity can lead to misinterpretation of ECG results, mimicking myocardial infarction.

Table 2: Cardiovascular system Manifestations associated with Obesity


 

Key Insights on Cardiovascular Disorders and Obesity

Obesity considerably increases the risk of miscellaneous cardiovascular environments, containing hypertension and unexpected cardiac afterlife. Here are a few indispensable contents concerning the link between corpulence and heart failure:

High Blood Pressure and Obesity

An increase in crowd bulk index (BMI) is a 4-fold increase in the risk of cultivating hypertension. This connection climaxes the direct impact of glut burden on ancestry pressure requirement.

Weight Loss Impact

Weight deficit in corpulent things can bring about bettering in ancestry pressure. Research shows that each kilogram of burden misfortune can influence an average decrease of 1-4 mmHg in systolic ancestry pressure and 1-2 mmHg in diastolic ancestry pressure.

Sudden Cardiac Mortality

The risk of unexpected cardiac disease is nearly 40 occasions higher in corpulent things distinguished from non-corpulent things. This traditional partnership emphasizes the long-recognized connection between corpulence and cardiovascular risk, a network that dates back to Hippocrates, the one eminent that "unexplained death is more universal in obesity"


 

 

ManifestationDescription
↓ Total blood volumeReduction in overall blood volume, leading to decreased workload on the heart.
↓ Cardiac outputDecreased cardiac output as a result of lower blood volume and metabolic demand.
↓ Stroke volumeReduction in the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat.
↓ (±) Heart rateHeart rate may decrease or remain stable, depending on individual factors.
↓ LV filling and pressureDecreased left ventricular filling pressures, particularly noticeable during exercise.
↓ LV diastolic dysfunctionImprovement in the heart's ability to relax and fill with blood.
↓ PR interval, QRS interval, QT intervalShortened intervals on ECG, indicating improved electrical conduction and heart function.

Table 3.3: Cardiovascular System Manifestations Associated with Weight Loss Note: LV = left ventricular.

 

CriteriaMeasurement
Abdominal obesity (waist circumference)≥ 40 inches in men 
≥ 35 inches in women
Triglycerides≥ 150 mg/dL
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)≤ 40 mg/dL for men 
≤ 50 mg/dL for women
Blood pressure≥ 130/80 mmHg
Fasting glucose≥ 100 mg/dL

Table 3.4: Metabolic Syndrome Criteria


 

Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity: Key Insights

Obesity considerably increases the risk of differing cardiovascular environments, a friendship that dates back to Hippocrates, the famous that "unexplained death is lower in the corpulent than in the lean."

Changes in Cardiac Electrical Activity

Obesity can influence changes in cardiac energy ventures, raising the risk of arrhythmias. A 10% increase in burden can decrease parasympathetic strength and increase the essence rate, while pressure deficit has the opposite effect.

Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Obesity is approximately connected to atherosclerosis and heart failure congestive heart failure (CHD). Postmortem examinations have habitual that greasy streaks and stringy lesions in the channels are low in corpulent things, specifically in the digestive organs of animate beings. Long-term studies have proved that corpulence is a free prophet of CHD, 

accompanying principal fat classification being a better risk determinant for atherosclerosis than overall fat allocation.

Stroke Risk

There is a clear partnership between corpulence and stroke risk. For each part increase in BMI, the risk of ischemic stroke increases by 4%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke increases by 6%. This link remnants even later regulating for added risk determinants.

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic condition (MetS), a cluster of cardiovascular risk determinants containing principal corpulence, hypertension, exalted abstaining organic compound composed of carbon, and dyslipidemia, is carefully connected to corpulence. Weight misfortune, even as little as 8 kg, can considerably weaken the risk of MetS.

Obesity and Chronic Renal Disease

The friendship between corpulence and never-ending renal ailment (CRD) is traditional, accompanying evidence suggesting that corpulence can alone enhance renal dysfunction.

Incidence of Chronic Renal Disease

There has existed a stable increase in the occurrence of CRD, that is likely connected to climbing corpulence rates. Research signifies that renal dysfunction can happen in corpulent things even afterwards regulating for additional risk determinants in the way that hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol levels.

Research Findings

A meta-study of over 300,000 players raise that corpulence was guide an raised risk of CRD, liberated of added risk determinants. This desires that corpulence itself can have direct harmful belongings on renal function.

Another study of over 6,000 non-diabetic partners establishes that main corpulence (midriff edge >102 cm in brothers or >88 cm in daughters) was guide the best risk of renal dysfunction, even subsequently regulating for additional metabolic risk determinants.

Mechanisms of Renal Disorder

Increased Renal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption: Excess burden can bring about raised sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules, happening in compensative renal vasodilation and an primary increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, this is frequently attended by a step-by-step decline in GFR on account of obesity-accompanying hypertension and diabetes, superior to renal damage and nephron deficit.

Proteinuria: Obese things frequently expand proteinuria, that can progress to incessant sort affliction, even in the dearth of hypertension or diabetes. Common renal lesions in corpulent things contain pertaining to a focus and segmental glomerulosclerosis and glomerulomegaly.

Ectopic Fat Deposition and Renal Dysfunction

The accretion of lipids in non-fatty tissues, containing the kidneys, can bring about the production of injurious metabolites, happening in mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic mesh stress, and eventually, renal damage.

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation and Renal Function

Obesity is from raised sympathetic central nervous system (SNS) venture, that can infuriate hypertension and renal damage. Factors providing to renal SNS incitement include hyperleptinemia, angiotensin II, hyperinsulinemia, and machinelike condensation of the kidneys by waste fat.

Weight Loss and Renal Function

Interestingly, deliberate burden deficit, either through surgical or non-surgical method, has been proved to increase renal function. Research has raise no meaningful changes in antitoxin creatinine or supposed glomerular filtration rate (GFR) following isocaloric diets that modify macronutrient arrangement.

Obesity and Cancer Risk

Obesity has existed connected to a raised risk of differing cancers, accompanying meaningful findings from diversified studies:

A abundant anticipated study of 900,000 partners in the United States raise that things with a BMI >39.9 had a 50-60% increase in overall malignancy risk over 15 age.

Research suggests that corpulence is a predicting determinant for prostate cancer occurrence and death. However, burden deficit has proven to decrease the risk of basic, non-metastatic prostate cancers.

Osteoarthritis

Obesity is a major risk determinant for osteoarthritis (OA), specifically moving the knees and haunch of an animate being:

OA leads to decreased flexibility, chronic pain, and restriction. The Rotterdam study found that the progress of body part OA over a 6.5-period ending was three periods more likely in individuals accompanying a BMI >27 kg/m².

Data from the Framingham Heart Study presented that the risk of expanding patella OA raised by 1.6 opportunities for each five-part increase in BMI with earlier brothers outside pre-existent disease.

Weight Loss and Osteoarthritis

Weight deficit has proved to considerably lower the manifestations and asperity of osteoarthritis and improve working volume in corpulent victims accompanying OA:

A randomized study of 87 earlier adults accompanying patella OA establish that shareholders in the pressure deficit invasion group lost an average of 8.7% of their material burden, happening insignificant betterings in working status distinguished to the standard remedy group.

A meta-reasoning of four studies including 454 colleagues establish that even moderate weight deficit (5%) was guide decreased physical incapacity, stressing the significance of pressure management in discussing OA manifestations.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

NAFLD is carefully connected to corpulence, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, moving 15-30% of the general populace and until 70% of things accompanying type 2 diabetes:

NAFLD surrounds a range of disorders from plain steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies have displayed an important and liberated partnership betwixt corpulence and NAFLD.

A multivariate study found that a high BMI (>26.9) was recognized as a basic risk determinant for NAFLD, accompanying an advantage percentage (OR) of 6.2.

Sleep Disturbances and Obesity

Obesity strongly guides sleep disturbances, specifically opposing sleep interruption of activity (OSA):

OSA happens in 2-3% of middle-old wives and 4-5% of middle-aged brothers, but the predominance increases to over 30% in corpulent things. This condition can infuriate corpulence-related metabolic questions and generate a phase of burden gain and sleep division.

The friendship between corpulence and injured metabolic function has proved to influence sleep kind, further confusing the management of obesity.


 

 

ConditionImpact of Sleep Disturbances
Prevalence of Metabolic SyndromeIncreased prevalence linked to obesity and sleep issues.
Increased Body Weight and ObesitySleep disturbances can exacerbate weight gain and obesity.
Type 2 DiabetesPoor sleep quality is associated with insulin resistance and higher risk of diabetes.
DyslipidemiaSleep issues can negatively affect lipid profiles, increasing dyslipidemia risk.
HypertensionSleep disturbances are linked to higher blood pressure levels.
MortalityIncreased mortality risk associated with obesity and sleep disorders.
Appetite and Food IntakeHormonal changes due to sleep disturbances can lead to increased appetite and altered food intake.

Table 5: Obesity-Associated Conditions Affected by Sleep Disturbances Obesity and Associated Health Risks


 

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Obesity is a basic risk determinant for the growth of opposing sleep apnea (OSA), accompanying a relative risk (RR) of 10 in corpulent things. Key points involve:

The predominance of OSA can reach 98% in harshly corpulent things. Complications associated with OSA include pulmonary hypertension, right heart attack, stroke, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias.

A study establish that a 10% pressure gain developed in a 32% increase in the interruption of activity-hypopnea index and a six-fold increase in the risk of cultivating severe sleep-unsettled alive.

Conversely, pressure misfortune has proved to considerably humble symptoms of OSA, containing wheezing, barking, and sunshine torpor.

Gallbladder Disease

Gallbladder ailment is another condition approximately linked to corpulence:

Risk determinants for gallbladder ailment include being corpulent, female, over 40 age traditional, and bearing a history of accelerated pressure deficit. Gallbladder affliction is a superior cause of treatment between women and produces meaningful healthcare costs.

A study of over 1,000 colleagues in England and Scotland established a forceful friendship betwixt corpulence and gallbladder disease. Higher BMI was a guide to raise crisis admissions and more protracted ward stays.

The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study establish that guys accompanying a BMI >28.5 kg/m² had a 2.5 to 3.5 times larger risk of evolving gallstones distinguished to those accompanying lower BMI.

Mental Health Issues

Obesity is guided by differing insane health challenges:

The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions suggests that things accompanying bigger BMI are more inclined to the occurrence of despair, worry, and personality disorders. Specifically, the predominance of bigger depressing disorder (MDD) was supposed expected 1.5 to 2 periods larger in obese things distinguished from those accompanying rational pressure.

Data from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System demonstrated that the predominance of moderate-to-harsh MDD increased from 6.5% to 25.9% as BMI raised from 25 to 35 kg/m².

The connection between MDD and corpulence is complex and bidirectional, including determinants to a degree of social shame, drug-inferred pressure gain, and utilizing cuisine for comfort in reaction to sensitive distress.

Weight loss has happened proved to correct insane well-being consequences, and few individuals can benefit from reworking in their insane fitness situations to those that are more burden-flat.

Mental Health and Obesity

Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Data from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System presented that the predominance of moderate-to-harsh MDD raised considerably accompanying climbing BMI:

The predominance of MDD red-pink from 6.5% to 25.9% as BMI raised from 25 to 35 kg/m².

Complex Relationship middle from two points MDD and Obesity

The friendship betwixt MDD and corpulence is complex and bidirectional:

Factors providing this connection involve friendly shame, drug-persuaded pressure gain, and utilizing bread for comfort in answer to moving distress.

Weight Loss and Mental Health

Weight deficit has happened proved to advance insane energy consequences:

Some things concede the possibility of benefit from transformation in their insane energy situations to those that are more pressure-noncommittal.

Materials and Methods

This study examines health risks associated with obesity through a comprehensive literature review and professional analysis of scientific evidence. The design of the study included an overview of contemporary studies published over the past ten years with a focus on the impact of obesity on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. The data was collected from reliable sources including PubMed, Jstor, and Government Health Databases. Statistical models and meta-analyses were used to verify the associations between obesity and health risks.

Results

The finding shows that obesity significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases. System inflammation controlled by adipokin, such as TNF-A and IL-6, plays a key role in metabolic disorders. Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes. In addition, the studies showed the emotional impact of obesity, including increased prevalence of depression and social stigma.

Discussion

Occurrence Obesity is an important risk factor for various chronic diseases. Studies consistently show that obese individuals are 2-4 times more likely to develop diabetes 2. Type and cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, stroke, and heart failure. Obesity is also associated with a higher risk of liver disease, including non-alcoholic greasy liver disease (NAFLD) and respiratory problems such as obstructive sleep apnea.

Impact on the quality-of-life Obesity deeply affects both physical and well-being. Physically obese individuals often experience reduced mobility, joint pain, fatigue, and problems with everyday tasks. Obesity is also associated with mental health problems, including increased risk of depression and anxiety, concerns about body image, social stigma, and eating disorders. Demographic variations

The health risks associated with obesity vary according to age and sex. For example, women with obesity face a higher risk of developing conditions such as osteoarthritis and reproductive health problems, including polycystic ovaries syndrome (PCOS). In older adults, obesity worsens the decrease of physical function related to age, which increases the risk of disability.                                                                                             

Trends and patterns                                                                                                                                                               

The prevalence of obesity has increased significantly in the last few decades, accompanied by an adequate increase in related health problems. Patterns show a shift in the burden of the disease from high-income to countries with medium income, which are led by changes in eating habits and patterns of physical activity. 

Interpretation of findings

The findings emphasize obesity as a primary contributor to the development of various chronic diseases. This study strengthens the importance of obesity as a modifiable risk factor that, if solved, can prevent significant health burdens. The Association between Obesity and Conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is well established and ongoing research is needed to further clarify these relationships.

Health mechanisms 

The basic mechanisms that control the health effects of obesity include chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalance. Excess fat tissue creates a persistent inflammatory condition that contributes to conditions such as atherosclerosis and cancer. In addition, insulin resistance, which is predominant in obese individuals, predisposes them to metabolic problems, including type 2 diabetes.

Limitation

Although this study is complex, it has restrictions, including potential distortion in available data and ensuring generalization for all populations. The focus of the study on the chronic effects of obesity is limited because few participants follow the prolonged periods.                                                               

Public Health Implications

The finding suggests that obesity is not only a personal health problem, but also a significant problem in public health. Public health interventions focusing on eating habits, physical activity, and education are necessary to reduce the level of obesity and related health risks. Strategies supporting the selection of healthy foods, increasing physical activity in communities, and providing health-related health education play a critical role in solving this epidemic.

Conclusions

This study climaxes the primary impact of corpulence on clashing incessant appropriateness environments, containing heart failure, type 2 diabetes, and positive cancers, further attracting bad assets on tangible and silly affluence. Preventive measures are most important, accompanying an significance on early interference to carry out strain and decrease approximate prosperity dangers. Future studies endure assign attempt to entity the lasting goods of corpulence and survey influential nature adjustments and societal tactics to combat it. Policymakers and healthcare carriers supply commands behavior that boosts alive ingesting, referring to sports interest, and people welfare packages to lighten the weight of corpulence.

Acknowledgment:

The accomplishment concerning this research project would not have happened likely without the plentiful support and help of many things and arrangements. We no longer our genuine appreciation to all those the one risked a function in the progress of this project. I herewith acknowledge that:

I have no economic or added individual interests, straightforwardly or obliquely, in some matter that conceivably influence or bias my trustworthiness as a journalist concerning this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest:

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Financial Support and Protection:

No external funding for a project was taken to assist with the preparation of this manuscript

References

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I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

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Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

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Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

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Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

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Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

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Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

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Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

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Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

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Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

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Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

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Luiz Sellmann

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

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Zhao Jia

Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."

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Thomas Urban

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

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Cristina Berriozabal

To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

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Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

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Dr Shweta Tiwari

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

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Dr Farooq Wandroo

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

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Dr Anyuta Ivanova

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

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Dr David Vinyes

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

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Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

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Dr Elvira Farina

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

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Dr Oleg Golyanovski

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.

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Dr Farahnaz Fallahian

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.

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Dr Victor Olagundoye

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD

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Dr Eric S Nussbaum

Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.

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Hala Al Shaikh

Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.

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Dr Rakhi Mishra

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.

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Dr Walter F Riesen

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.

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Dr Jelle Lettinga

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora

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Dariusz Ziora

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.

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Dr Ravi Shrivastava

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.

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Dr Aline Tollet

Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.

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Dr Chiara Giuseppina Beccaluva

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti

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Dr Claudio Ligresti

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.

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Dr Matteo Bonori

I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.

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Edouard Kujawski

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell

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Dr Andriy Sinelnyk

Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.

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Dr Meng-JouLe