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Research | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/187
1 Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Republic of Yemen.
2 Medical Microbiology and Clinical Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Republic of Yemen.
*Corresponding Author: Hassan A. Al-Shamahy, Medical Microbiology and Clinical Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Republic of Yemen.
Citation: Hassan M. Al-Mahbashi and Hassan A. Al-Shamahy (2021). Cytotoxic Activities in Vitro of Flower Extracts of Three Species of Aloe Growing in Yemen: Aloe Rubroviolaceae, Aloe Vera and Aloe Sabaea, against Eleven Types of Cancer Cell Lines. J Clinical Research and Reports, 8(5); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/187
Copyright: © 2021 Hassan A. Al-Shamahy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 15 July 2021 | Accepted: 14 August 2021 | Published: 23 August 2021
Keywords: aloe species; cytotoxic activities; flower extracts; in vitro; Yemen; cosmetic properties; anti-cancer agents
Background and aims: Natural products, especially plant extracts, have opened up great opportunities in the field of drug progress due to their chemical variety. The genus Aloe has long been used for medicinal uses in countless parts of the world. This study was designed to investigate the phytochemicals and anti-cancer capabilities of Aloe rubroviolaceae, Aloe vera and Aloe sabaea flowers.
Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of three types of plants traditionally used in Yemen to treat a variety of diseases have been tested in vitro for their potential anticancer activity on different human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extracts of tested plants was determined using eleven strains of human cancer cells, namely: MCF-7 (breast cancer), PC-3 (prostate cancer), HEP-2 (human epithelial carcinoma), MNFS-60 (myelogenous leukemia), CACO (intestinal cancer), A-549 (lung adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervical cancer), RD (rhabdomyosarcoma),HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT-116 (colon cancer), and CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary). A colorimetric sulforhodamine B assay was used to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic activity of different extracts. Growth inhibition of 50% (IC50) for each extract was calculated from the optical density of treated and untreated cells. Doxorubicin, a broad-spectrum anticancer drug was used as a positive control.
Results: More interesting cytotoxic activity was observed for Aloe vera extract more than Aloe sabaea and Aloe rubroviolaceae, extract.
Conclusions: This study provides a preliminary screening for anti-proliferative activity of various Aloe species flowers extracts on different cancer cell lines. Different extracts of Aloe species significantly inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Further investigations are required to understand the possible mechanism(s) of action of these extract on various cancer cells and isolation of active phyto-chemicals.
Aloe is a genus that contains more than 550 species of flowering succulent plants. The most widely known species is Aloe vera, or "true Aloe." It is described this because it is grown as a standard source for various pharmaceutical purposes. These species, as Aloe rubroviolaceae, Aloe vera, and Aloe sabaea are grown or harvested from the wild for similar applications [1-3]. The genus is inhabitant to tropical regions, South Africa, Madagascar, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula including Yemen and is endemic to a variety of islands in the Indian Ocean such as Yemeni Socotra, Reunion, Mauritius, and the Comoros Islands. A few species have also been adapted in other areas such as the India, Mediterranean, South and North America, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands [4]. Most varieties of Aloe have a rosette of large, thick, fleshy leaves. The flowers of the Aloe are tubular, often yellow, orange, pink, or red, and bush, densely clumped and drooping, at the apex of simple or branching stems devoid of leaves. Many varieties of Aloe appear without stems, with the rose growing directly at ground level; other varieties may have a branched or un-branched stalk from which the fleshy leaves sprout. They vary in color from gray to light green, and are sometimes striped or speckled. Some species of Aloe native to South Africa are tree-like (arborescent) [5]. Aloe species are often grown as an ornamental plant in both gardens and pots. Many types of Aloe are very decorative and are appreciated by collectors of succulents. Aloe vera is used internally and externally on humans as a folk or alternative medicine. Aloe species is known for its medicinal and cosmetic properties. About 75% of Aloe species are used locally for medicinal uses in addition to other herbal plants [6-9]. In Yemen, recent researches investigated the effect of herbal plants on viral and bacterial agents and protozoa in which traditional medicine and flavors are used in Yemen where a large number of people rely on herbal plants to treat their diseases [10, 11].
It is estimated that in 2018, there were 18.1 million new cases of cancer and 9.6 million deaths worldwide. About 20% of males and 17% of females will develop cancer at some point while 13% of males and 9% of females will expire from it. In 2008, roughly 12.7 million cancers were diagnosed and in 2010 just about 7.98 million people died. Cancers account for about 16% of deaths. The most common as of 2018 are lung cancer (1.76 million deaths), colorectal cancer (860,000), stomach cancer (780,000), liver cancer (780,000) and breast cancer (620,000). [12,13]. According to the limited Yemeni Cancer Studies, the most common types of cancer among Yemeni children and adults were leukemia (33.1%), lymphoma (31.5%), central nervous system tumors (7.2%), and bone tumors (5.2%) [14-18]. The potential for natural products to be used as a source of anti-cancer agents was accepted in the 1950s by the United States (the National Cancer Institute, NCI) is led by the late Dr. Jonathan Hartwell. NCI has made it a major contributions to the discovery of new naturally occurring anticancer agents through its holding and grant support, including an important program for plant and marine groups. Anti-cancer drugs, such as indole alkaloids. Vincristine, vinblastine, podophyllotoxin derivatives etoposide and teniboside are prominent chemical treatments of plant origin obtained either directly through isolation or derived from lead structures [19]. Aloe species that originated in the Arabian Peninsula are well recognized for their medicinal use and outside of this species. The traditional uses of Aloe species include wound and burn healing and topical treatment of skin diseases [20]. Several researchers have also uncovered the role of Aloe species in treating eye infections, stomach ailments, constipation and malaria [21,22]. The antimicrobial effect of A. perryi has also been reported [23]. Therefore, screening of higher plants for anticancer agents has been pursued on an international level, [24]. Yemen is characterized by its vast area, where variations in climate appear due to differences in elevations, which results in a great diversity of its plants. Yemen's botanicals are known for their use in folk and traditional medicine [25,26]. Thus, this study aims to explore the antiproliferative potential of several Aloe species flowers against several human cancer cell lines.
Sample collection and Identification: The flowers of Aloe Rubroviolaceae and Aloe Vera were collected from saber area in the city of Taiz and Badan Mountains (Ibb) respectively, while flowers of Aloe Sabaea were collected from Miatam and Aldlel villages (Ibb). The taxonomy work and identification of the plants was confirmed by Professor: Abdul Walli Al-Kholidy, Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana’a University, Yemen. The flowers of all plants were collected during the flowering stage in November 2017.
Preparation of Samples: The flowers of the three plants were dried separately in the air and ground to a coarse powder. The powder was then stored in airtight containers at room temperature until use.
Preparation of ethanol extracts: The dried flower powder was extracted separately by soaking in sufficient amount of ethanol (99%) with repeated shaking for 1 week and filtered. Each flower filtrate was evaporated and dried separately under reduced pressure at 45 °C using a rotary evaporator (Buchi Rotavapor R-200, Serial No. 05009474, Switzerland) and the process was repeated twice until the extraction was complete.
Phytochemical screening: TLC technology was used to identify the components of ethanolic extracts of plant flowers using a TLC plate coated with 60 F254 silica gel, 20 × 20 cm (Merck, Germany). The first developed chromatograms were examined under UV light (VilberLourmat, French) at wavelengths of 254 nm and 365 nm. Then each chromatogram was analyzed for the presence of biologically active components by spraying with appropriate reagents.
Cytotoxicity assay: The cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against eleven types of cancer cell line , Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human colon cancer (HCT-116), human breast cancer (MCF-7), human lung adenocarcinoma (A-549), human prostate cancer (PC3), human epithelial carcinoma (HEp-2) and humancervical cancer (HELA), myeloid leukemia (M-NFS- 60), human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (CACO-2), chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1),and rabdomyosarcoma(RD). Cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Tumor cells were propagated in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 1% L-glutamine, HEPES buffer and 50 μg/ml gentamicin. All cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 and sub-cultured twice a week.
Evaluation of cellular cytotoxicity: The tested cell lines were seeded in a 96-well plate at a cell concentration of 1 × 104 cells per well in 100 μl of growth medium. Fresh medium containing different concentrations of plant extract was added 24 hours after sowing. Serial two-fold dilutions of the test chemical compound were added to confluent cell monolayers dispensed into 96-well, flat-bottomed microtitre plates (Falcon, NJ, USA) using a multichannel pipette. Microtiter plates were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 for 48 h. Three wells were used for each test sample concentration. Control cells were incubated without test sample and with or without DMSO. At the end of the incubation period, the production of viable cells was determined by a colorimetric method. Briefly, media was aspirated and crystal violet solution (1%) was added to each well for at least 30 min. The stain was removed and the dishes rinsed with tap water until all excess stains were removed. Glacial acetic acid (30%) was then added to all wells and mixed well, and the absorbance of the plates was then measured after gentle shaking on a microplate reader (TECAN, Inc.), using a test wavelength of 590 nm.The absorbance was proportional to the number of surviving cells remaining in the culture plate. All results were corrected for background absorbance detected in the wells without adding dye. The treated samples were compared with the cellular control in the absence of the tested compounds. All experiments were performed in triplicate. The effect on cell growth was calculated as the difference in the absorbance ratio in the presence and absence of the tested extracts and shown in the dose-response curve. The concentration at which cell growth was inhibited to 50% of the control (IC50) was obtained from the dose-response curve.
Statistical Analysis
The percentage cell viability was calculated using the Microsoft Excel®. Percentage cell viability was calculated as follows:
Since the foundation of human history, innate products have been used for medicinal uses to treat a variety of diseases including cancer [27]. Many chemoprophylaxis are molecules derivative from plant resources or their synthetic analogues [28]. Vegetable lands were the most a significant foundation and at this time, around 60% of the drugs used to treat cancer have been isolated from natural products, as vincristine and vinblastine from Catharanthus roseus [29], Camptothecin from Camptothica acuminate [30], Taxol and docetaxel from Taxus Previfolia [31]. Fruits and vegetables are also known to reduce the risk of cancer in humans [32, 33]. Some isolated compounds showed anticancer potential with low toxicity compared to conventional drugs, for example. Meisoindigo, isolated from the Chinese plant Indigofera tinctoria and flavopiridol, isolated from the Indian Dysoxylum binectariferum tree [34].
Regarding the results of the current study, cytotoxicity evaluation showed that low concentration of Aloe rubroviolaceae, Aloe vera and Aloe sabaea extracts significantly inhibited cell proliferation of CACO, A-549, RD and HCT-116 cell lines with a decrease in IC50. The results are in agreement with those of Al-Oqail et al. [27], who obtained a dose-dependent response at different concentrations on HEp2, MCF-7, WISH and Vero cells. Our results also showed that CACO, A549, RD, and HCT-116 cells were most sensitive to Aloe Vera among all studied cell lines and among the extracts, the highest inhibition of methanol extract was found in the A549 cell line with (IC50 = 12 μg/ml), followed by with HCT-116 (IC50 = 14 mcg/mL), RD (IC50 = 14.7 μg /mL), and CACO (IC50 = 14.6 μg /mL).This type of variability between different cell lines was also reported by Heo et al. [35], who reported the anticancer effects of the plant extract on HEK-293, HCT-116, HeLa, MCF-7, Hep3B, SNU-1066 and SNU-601 cell lines.
In an additional study, the discrepancy cytotoxic response of diverse cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, CACO-2, and L929) was also reported and it was concluded that the plant extract efficiently inhibited cell proliferation depending on the concentration of the extract, also as types of cells [36]. The current results are also consistent with previous findings, that plant extracts reduce cell viability in human breast cancer (T47D) cells, due to the sensitivity of cancer cells to lethal flavonoids [37]. Furthermore, the growth-inhibitory consequence of components of Aloe Vera species in plants has also been confirmed in human uterine cancer (HeLa), melanoma (B16F10), human gastric cancer (MK-1) [38] and in other human cancer cell lines [39-41]. This growth-inhibitory activity may be a consequence of the plant extracts' ability to inhibit DNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of thymidine tritate into cells [42], leading to cell death [43].
In conclusions, this study presents the phytochemical analysis and preliminary examination of the anti-proliferative activity of extracts of different types of Aloe species on different cancer cell lines. We showed that different extracts of Aloe rubroviolaceae, Aloe vera and Aloe sabaea significantly inhibited the growth of different cancer cell lines (CACO, A-549, RD, HTC-116) in a concentration-dependent manner. Among all extracts, Aloe vera extract showed the greatest activity and A-549, HCT-116 and RD cells were the most sensitive. In addition, the presence of phytochemicals such as phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids, proteins and glycosides has been confirmed. Further investigations are needed to understand the possible mechanism(s) of action of these extracts on different tumor cells and to isolate the active phytochemicals.
"No conflict of interest associated with this work”.
All authors contributed equally to the design, implementation, statistical analysis and manuscript drafting. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
