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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/245
1 Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
2 Department of Chemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
3 Department of Chemistry, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author: Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye, Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Citation: Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye, Olajumoke Tolulope Idowu, Abdul Ademola Olaleye, (2024), Comparative evaluation of the amino acid’s concentration in the visceral organs (liver, heart, gizzard) of male and female common quail [Coturnix coturnix (L. 1758)], J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 7(12); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/245
Copyright: © 2024, Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 02 August 2024 | Accepted: 11 September 2024 | Published: 27 September 2024
Keywords: Coturnix coturnix heterosexuals, visceral organs, amino acids, nutritional index
Quail is a collective name for several general of mid-sized birds generally considered in the order Galliformes. Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) is a small bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae. Samples were separately defatted, hydrolysed and neutralized. The amino acid (AA) solution was purified by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction, derivatized and analysed by gas chromatography. Samples were labelled as female liver (FL), male liver (ML), female heart (FH), male heart (MH), and female gizzard (FG) and male gizzard (MG). Values of protein/total amino acids (g/100g) were: FL (71.5/94.5), ML (71.2/96.2), FH (67.8/95.4), MH (69.0/95.7), FG (66.8/88.2), and MG (68.0/90.5). Glu was the most concentrated AA (16.3-18.9g/100g) (a non- essential amino acid, NEAA). These two essential amino acids (EAAs) were the most concentrated EAAs as follows: Lys (in FL, ML, FG, MG) and Leu (in FH, MH). AA concentration variations were low at coefficient of variation percent CV% values range of 3.77 – 42.3. These pairs were significantly different at r = 0.01: F/M (liver), F/M (heart), F/M (gizzard) in female/male; L/H, L/G, H/G in the female bird; L/H, L/G, H/G in the male bird. In all the samples, these ranges were observed: EAA = 38.8 - 47.9g/100g; NEAA = 47.5 – 52.9g/100g; isoelectric point (pI) = 5.04 – 5.62; essential amino acid index (EAAI) (egg standard) = 89.4 -96.7; biological value (BV) = 86.3 – 93.7, lysine/tryptophan (Lys/Trp) = 9.19 – 20.3 and nutritional index (NI) = 61.0 -64.6. EAA/N-EAA showed no significant (at r = 0.01) difference among the samples. In the AA scores, the limiting amino acid score were; whole hen’s egg comparison: Trp (FL, ML, FG, MG) and Ser (FH, MH); provisional EAA scoring pattern: Trp (FL, ML, FG, MG) and Met+Cys (FH, MH); pre-school child EAA requirements: Trp (FL, ML, FH, MH, FG, MG). In the estimates of AA requirements of ages 10-12y (mg/kg/day), all the samples had better concentrations than the standards: total EAAs standard/sample value: 7830/27671 (FL), 7830/26239 (FH), 7830/24248 (FG), 7830/28195 (ML), 7830/29256 (MH) and 7830/25500 (MG). Comparisons of EAAs with FAO/WHO/UNU showed all the samples to be of better concentration as shown: FAO/WHO/UNU/samples (g/100g): 33.9/42.6(FL) / 43.2(ML) / 47.9(FH) / 46.3(MH) / 38.5(FG) / 40.2(MG). All the samples were good sources of EAAs and will all also complement/fortify EAA deficient food substances.
Chemical Compounds Studied in The Article
Lysine [C6H14N202 - PubChem, CID 5962]; leucine [C6H13N02 - PubChem, CID6106]; glycine [C2H5N02-PubChem, CID 750]; proline [C5H9N02 - PubChem, CID 145742]; glutamic acid [C5H9N04 - PubChem, CID 33032]; methionine [C5H11N02S – PubChem, CID 6137]; alanine [C3H7NO2 – PubChem, CID 5950]; aspartic acid [C4H7N04 – PubChem, CID 5960]; arginine [C6H14N402 – PubChem, CID 6322]; cystine [C6H12N204S2 – PubChem, CID 67678]; valine [C4H11N02 – PubChem, CID 63227]; threonine [C4H9N03 - PubChem, CID 6288]; tryptophan [C11H12N202 – PubChem, CID 6305]; isoleucine [C6H13N02 – PubChem, CID 791]; phenylalanine [C9H11N02 – PubChem, CID 6925665]; histidine [C6H9N302 – PubChem, CID 6274]; tyrosine [C9H11N03 – PubChem, CID 6057]; serine[ [C3H7N03 – PubChem, CID 5951].
Pubchem
PubChem is a database of chemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. Each compound in PubChem is identified by a unique system Compound Identifier (CID) accession number. The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a component of the National Library of Medicine, which is part of United States National Institute of Health (NIH). PubChem contains substance descriptions and small molecules with fewer than 1000 atoms and 1000 bonds (PubChem Source Information). Precisely, CID is Compound Identification Number (PubChem Wikipedia).
Contribution/Originality: Amino acids are important building blocks of protein. They play important role in the production of growth hormones and brain chemicals and also help in muscle growth and regeneration. Visceral organs (liver, heart and gizzard) in male and female common quail (Coturnix coturnix) were comparatively assessed. Results showed that female and male common quail have great similarities of visceral organs in protein and total amino acid. This research is unique as across board information on the visceral organs of common quail (male and female compared) is very scarce.
1. Introduction
Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally considered in the order Galliformes. The common quail (Coturnix coturnix) is a small ground-nesting game bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae (old world quails are found in this family). It is widespread and is found in parts of Europe; however, it should not be confused with the domesticated Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, native to Asia which although visually similar have very distinct calls (Wikipedia – Common quail). Scientific classification: Kingdom (Animalia), Phylum (Chordata), Class (Aves), Order (Galliformes), Family (Phasianidae), Subfamily (Perdicinae), Genus (Coturnix), Species (C. coturnix); Binomial name: Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758). Coturnix is the Latin for this species (Jobling, 2010).
This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus (1758) in his Systema naturae as Tetrao coturnix. The Eurasian race, C. c. coturnix, overwinters southwards in Africa’s Sahel and India. The populations on Madeira and the Canary Islands belong to the nominate race. The African race, C. c. africana, described by Temminck and Schlegel (1849) is known as the African quail. It overwinters within Africa, some moving northwards from South Africa. The common quails of Madagascar and the Comoros belong to the same African race, although those found around EthiopIa make up a different subspecies, the Abyssinian quail, C. c. erlangeri (Zedlitz, 1912). The fairly numerous (Krabbe, 2003) population of the Cape Verde islands, belong to a separate race, C. c. inopInata (described by Hartert in 1917), while those on the Azores belong to race C. c. conturbans (Hartert, 1917). Like the Japanese quail, common quails are sometimes kept as poultry. (This is the situation in Nigeria.) With its characteristic call of “wet-my-lips”, this species of quail is often heard than seen. It is categorized by the IUCN as “least concern” (BirdLife International, 2012).
Common quail is a small, round, bird, essentially streaked brown with a white eyestripe, and, in the male, a white chin. As befits its migratory nature, it has long wings, unlike the typically short-winged gamebirds. It measures roughly 7.1–8.62” (18.0-21.9 cm) and weighs 3.2–4.62 oz (91-131g) (Hume & Marshall, 1880). It is a terrestrial species, feeding on seeds and insects on the ground. Often the only indication of its presence is the distinctive “wet-my-lips” repetitive song of the male. The call is uttered mostly in the mornings, evenings and sometimes at night. It is a strongly migratory bird, unlike most gamebirds. Upon attaining an age of 6-8 weeks, this quail breeds on open arable farmland and grassland across most of Europe and Asia, laying 6-12 eggs in a ground nest. The eggs take from 16 – 18 days to hatch (Wikipedia – Common quail).
Common quail is heavily hunted as a game on passage through the Mediterranean area. Over the years, this species has seen increase in its propagation in the United States and Europe. In 2007, the USA produced 40 million quail (US 2007 Census of Agriculture). However, most of this increase is with hobbyists. In Exodus 16: 1-13, it relates how the migrating Israelites asked God for meat and were provided with a massive flock of migrating quail. In 1537 Queen Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII, pregnant with the future King Edward VI, developed an insatiable craving for quail, and courtiers and diplomats abroad were ordered to find sufficient supplies for the Queen (Common quail – PipiWiki). Quail meat is attractive for its tenderness, juiceness, flavour peculiar to a slight flavour venison.
Adesina, Adeyeye, & Gbolagade (2018) had reported on the comparability of the amino acid profiles of two different eggshells of quail birds from Ekiti State. Other literatures reports showed that quail meat is a good source of vitamins (Hamim and Ang, 2006) and protein (Odafe Shalome and Uwadiae, 2021). However, there is paucity of information on the amino acid composition of common quail visceral organs. This article reports on the amino acid composition of common quail visceral organs and in addition the nutritial importance of consuming the visceral organs of Coturnix coturnix.
The common quail used were twelve matured male and female birds. Prior to butchering, food was withheld for a day to help ensure the digestive system was empty. Head was held on the stump and the common quail’s head removed with an axe. At the end of bleeding, the quail was plucked. When all the fathers were removed, the quail’s anus was rinsed to remove any residue, then a sharp knife was inserted just below the hip bone without puncturing any of the internal organs. The heart, liver and gizzard were removed and saved for the analysis. The gizzard was sliced into half until the gravel inside grates against the knife, then sliced around and opened up, peeling away the inner layer and discarding the contents, then rinsed out with cold water. Hence, both liver, heart and gizzard were oven dried, cooled, ground, sieved and kept in the laboratory freezer in McCartney bottles pending laboratory analysis (Adeyeye, 2014).
2.1 Sample Extraction and Analysis
The extraction and instrumental analysis were carried out by following the AOAC method (2006) and Danka, Dobrina, & Kalin (2012). The dried pulverized sample was made to be free of water by ensuring constant weight for a period of time in the laboratory. Ten gramme sample was weighed into 250ml conical flask capacity. The sample was defatted by extracting the fat content of the sample with 30ml petroleum spirit three times with Soxhlet extractor that was equipped with thimble. The sample was hydrolyzed three times for complete hydrolysis to occur for the totality of amino acids recovery.
The pulverized and defatted sample was soaked with 30ml of 1M potassium hydroxide solution and was incubated for 48h at 110°C in hermetically closed borosilicate glass container. After the alkaline hydrolysis, the hydrolysate was neutralized to get pH in the range of 2.5-5.0. The solution was purified by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction. The amino acids in purified solutions were derivatized with ethylchloroformate by the following established mechanism:
After derivatization, the derivatizing reagent was removed by scavenging with nitrogen. The derivatized amino acid was made up to 1ml in a vial for gas chromatography analysis. The gas chromatographic conditions for the amino acids analysis were as follows; GC: HP6890 powered with HP ChemStation rev. A09.01 [1206] software; injection temperature: split injection; split ratio: 20:1; carrier gas: hydrogen; flow rate: 1.0ml/min; inlet temperature: 250°C; column type: EZ; column dimensions: 10m×0.2mm×0.25µm; oven programme: initial @ 110°C, first ramp @ 27°C/min to 320°C; second, constant for 5 mins at 320°C; detector: PFPD; detector temperature: 320°C; hydrogen pressure: 20 psi; compressed air: 35 psi.
Some calculations were made from the analytical data results.
2.2. Evaluation of Quality Parameters for the Amino Acids
2.2.1. Isoelectric point (pI)
The estimation of isoelectric point (pI) for a mixture of amino acids was carried out using the following equation (Olaofe & Akintayo, 2000):
In the above equation, IPm represents the isoelectric point for the mixture of amino acids, IPI is the isoelectric point of the ith amino acid in the mixture.
2.2.2. Estimation of Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio (P-PER)
Computation of protein efficiency ratio (C-PER or P-PER) was done using the equations suggested by Alsmeyer, Cunningham, & Happich (1974):
P-PER₁ = -0.468 + 0.454(Leu) – 0.105(Tyr) ……………………………………………………. (3)
P-PER₂ = -0.684 + 0.456(Leu) – 0.047(Pro) …………………………………………………….(4)
P-PER₃ = -1.816 + 0.435 × Met + 0.78 × Leu + 0.211 × His – 0.944 ×Tyr …………….. (5)
2.2.3. Leucine/Isoleucine Ratio Determination
The leucine/isoleucine ratio, their differences and their percentage differences were calculated.
Estimation of Essential Amino Acid Index (Soybean Comparison) EAAII:
The essential amino acid index was calculated by using the ratio of test protein to the reference protein for each eight essential amino acids plus histidine (Steinke, Prescher, & Hopkins, 1980):
mgLysine in 1g test protein/mgLysine in 1g reference protein × etc. for all 8 essential amino acids + His ………………………….. (6)
2.2.4. Determination of Essential Amino Acid Index (Egg Comparison) EAAI2
The method of EAAI2 calculation was due to Oser (1959) using the egg protein amino acids as the standard.
2.2.5. Calculation of Biological Value (BV)
Computation of biological value (BV) was due to the method of Oser (1959) as shown below:
Biological value = 1.09(EAAI2) – 11.73 …………………………………..…………….. (7)
Computation of Lys/Trp, Met/Trp, Phe/Tyr ratios
The ratios of Lys/Trp(L/T), Met/Trp(M/T) and Phe/Tyr(P/T) were computed as appropriate.
2.2.6. Computation of Amino Acid Scores
The amino acid scores were computed using three different procedures:
2.2.7. Estimates of Amino Acid Requirements at Different Ages (mg/kg/day)
These estimates were based on the essential amino acid requirements in mg/kg/day body weight of 10 – 12y school boys (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985). The used formula was:
Essential amino acid × 1000/100 × protein (g/100g) ………………………………….. (8)
2.2.8. Determination of Nutritional Index (NI)
The following equation was used to determine NI:
Nutritional index (NI) = EAA index × protein (g/100g)/100 ………………………….. (9)
Reference for NI determination was by Crisan & Sands (1978).
2.2.9. Other Calculations Made
Other determinations made were: total amino acid(TAA), total essential amino acid(TEAA), total non-essential amino acid(TNEAA), total acidic amino acid(TAAA), total basic amino acid (TBAA), total essential aliphatic amino acid(TEAIAA), etc. and their corresponding percentages were made. Total sulphur amino acid (TSAA), percentage of cystine in TSAA (%cys in TSAA) were also determined. The various amino acid groups into classes I – VII (Nieman, Butterworth, & Nieman, 1992) were also calculated.
2.3. Statistical Evaluation
Data results (as appropriate) were subjected to statistical analyses of correlation coefficient (rxy), regression coefficient (Rxy), coefficient of determination or variance (rxy2), the coefficient of alienation (CA) and index of forecasting efficiency (IFE). Other calculations made were based on descriptive statistics: grand mean, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV%). The rxy value was converted to critical Table value (rT) to see if significant differences existed among the various comparisons made in the Tables enumerated below at r = 0.01 (Chase, 1976; Oloyo, 2001).
2.3.1. Null Hypotheses
Based on the statistical evaluation of the data (as appropriate), the following null hypotheses were propounded:
liver (F/M), heart (F/M), gizzard (F/M) where F = female and M = male;
The level of significance for each of all the determination was rxy = 0.01 at n-2(df)…
2.3.2. Statistical Summary
The amino acid profiles of the samples were summarized into Factor A means and Factor B means.
2.4. Tables of Comparisons
The essential amino acids of the samples were compared to the red visceral organs (liver, heart) of cattle, sheep, and pig as well as in FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) standards.
In accordance with European legislation, meat is defined as the edible portions, obtained from domestic animals including caprine, bovine, ovine and porcine, including the poultry meat, farmed and wild animals. It is a rich source of high value proteins, variety of fats, minerals and vitamins. Its composition varies with reference to its breed, type of food being ingested, climatic conditions and also on the meat cut, which imparts a considerable difference on its nutritional and sensorial properties (Pereira & Vicente, 2013). This article will mainly focus on the proteins and amino acids along with health benefits to human health of the consumption of visceral organs of the heterosexual samples of the common quail.
The amino acids profile (g/100g) of the common quail male and female visceral organs (heart, liver, and gizzard) are shown in Table 1. The protein levels (g/100g) of the corresponding samples are also included. On the whole, protein values of 66.8-71.5g/100g were the most homogenous values and had the least variation (CV%) of 3.77. The most concentrated amino acid (AA) across the board was Glu and had values of 16.3-18.9g/100g crude protein (cp) with second CV% of 4.89. Glu is an acidic AA and non – essential AA (N-EAA). Asp, a N-EAA and also acidic amino acid (AAA) maintained a second position of AA concentration in five of the six samples (5/6 or 83.3%). The third concentration position, now occupied by EAA, was shared between Lys and Leu: Lys in female liver, male liver, female and male gizzard samples; Leu in female and male heart samples. Only Val(37.0%) and Thr(42.3%) had CV% values greater than 30.0% whereas all other CV% values were lower than 30.0%; this showed the low differences in concentration among the AA parameter levels in the samples.
Table 1. Amino acids profile (g/100g) of the common quail (Coturnix coturnix) male and female visceral organs (liver, heart and gizzard)
| Amino acid | CID+ | Female liver | Male liver | Female heart | Male heart | Female gizzard | Male gizzard | Grand mean | Standard deviation (SD) | Coefficient of variation (%) | |
| Gly | 750 | 4.81 | 4.43 | 5.32 | 5.82 | 3.92 | 3.65 | 4.66 | 0.828 | 17.8 | |
| Ala | 5950 | 6.70 | 6.71 | 4.28 | 4.35 | 6.69 | 6.41 | 5.86 | 1.20 | 20.5 | |
| Ser | 5951 | 2.26 | 2.73 | 2.22 | 2.29 | 4.09 | 3.13 | 2.79 | 0.730 | 26.2 | |
| Pro | 145742 | 4.48 | 4.38 | 4.50 | 4.14 | 4.06 | 3.41 | 4.16 | 0.410 | 9.86 | |
| Val | 6287 | 3.81 | 3.58 | 6.26 | 6.11 | 2.54 | 3.13 | 4.24 | 1.57 | 37.0 | |
| Thr | 6288 | 3.04 | 2.72 | 6.44 | 6.25 | 3.14 | 3.07 | 4.11 | 1.74 | 42.3 | |
| Ile | 791 | 5.51 | 5.79 | 4.67 | 4.44 | 4.89 | 5.27 | 5.10 | 0.517 | 10.1 | |
| Leu | 6106 | 8.21 | 8.11 | 9.21 | 8.70 | 6.75 | 6.36 | 7.89 | 1.11 | 14.1 | |
| Asp | 5960 | 9.59 | 10.0 | 9.16 | 9.37 | 9.18 | 11.0 | 9.72 | 0.702 | 7.22 | |
| Lys | 5962 | 9.22 | 9.74 | 6.82 | 7.35 | 7.99 | 9.40 | 8.42 | 1.20 | 14.3 | |
| Met | 6137 | 1.39 | 1.55 | 1.68 | 1.48 | 2.44 | 2.51 | 1.84 | 0.500 | 27.2 | |
| Glu | 33032 | 17.5 | 18.0 | 17.6 | 18.9 | 16.3 | 17.2 | 17.6 | 0.861 | 4.89 | |
| Phe | 6925665 | 3.62 | 4.03 | 4.26 | 4.11 | 4.93 | 4.11 | 4.18 | 0.428 | 10.2 | |
| His | 6274 | 3.87 | 3.75 | 4.58 | 3.90 | 2.50 | 2.64 | 3.54 | 0.807 | 22.8 | |
| Arg | 6322 | 6.49 | 6.64 | 4.66 | 4.63 | 5.09 | 5.63 | 5.52 | 0.886 | 16.1 | |
| Tyr | 6057 | 2.39 | 2.59 | 2.45 | 2.32 | 2.14 | 1.95 | 2.31 | 0.229 | 9.91 | |
| Cys | 67678 | 1.05 | 0.913 | 0.784 | 0.833 | 1.01 | 1.18 | 0.962 | 0.147 | 15.3 | |
| Trp | 6305 | 0.499 | 0.525 | 0.742 | 0.765 | 0.447 | 0.463 | 0.574 | 0.142 | 24.7 | |
| Protein | - | 71.5 | 71.2 | 67.8 | 69.0 | 66.8 | 68.0 | 69.0 | 1.91 | 3.77 | |
+CID = Compound ID
Glutamic acid (Glu) was the most concentrated AA in all the samples having range values of 16.3-18.9 with a grand mean of 17.6±0.861 and variation of 4.89%. Glu is a N-EAA and it is an acidic AA (AAA). Glu had always shown the consistence of being the highest concentrated amino acid in proteins as shown by the following literature values (g/100g): Cricetomys gambianus (African giant pouch rat) liver(13.0) and heart(12.9) (Adeyeye & Aremu, 2011); kilishi (Nigerian meat jerky), (14.3) (Adeyeye et al., 2020a); beef(14.3), lamb(14.5), pork(14.6) (Ahmad, Imran & Hussain, 2018); Thryonomys swingerianus (grasscutter) liver(13.1), kidney(12.9), heart (12.0) (Adeyeye, Ayodele & Orege, 2020b); in ʿwaraʾ Nigerian local cheese, Glu is 17.3g/100g (Adeyeye, Idowu, Akinsola, Popoola & Olatunya, 2021). Also in all the samples enumerated in the literature just cited, Asp (another AAA and N-EAA) was the second most concentrated AA except in kilishi. The present samples had Asp being second highest concentrated AA in five samples (5/6 = 83.3%), exception being the female heart. In the kilishi, values of Asp/Lys were 8.58/8.69g/100g. The most concentrated EAA in the samples was shared between two EAAs (g/100gcp): Lys (9.22 female liver, FL), male liver (ML = 9.74), female gizzard (FG, 7.99) and male gizzard (Mg, 9.40); and Leu (9.2 female heart, FH) and male heart (MH, 8.70). Hence both Lys and Leu formed the third most concentrated AA and the same time formed the first highest EAA in the samples depending on the sample under discussion. Lys was highest EAA in lamb (7.5), pork (7.9) but Leu in beef (8.5); Lys was highest EAA (8.69) in kilishi; Leu was highest in C. gambianus liver(7.65) and heart(6.94). The lowest concentrated AA was Trp(0.447–0.765,mean of 0.574±0.142g/100cp and CV% = 24.7). The variation values (CV%) were generally low and close (3.77-42.3) exhibiting the homogenous nature of the AAs composition of the samples. Further the total AA (TAA) values ranged from 88.2 – 96.2g/100gcp, mean was 93.4±3.28g/100cp and CV% (3.51). The TAA values of 94.5(FL), 95.4(FH), 95.7(MH) and 96.2(ML) were all favorably comparable to 99.9 TAA of whole hen’s egg value in g/100gcp (Paul, Southgate & Russel, 1978). A look at the protein versus TAA of each sample portrayed this trend (g/100gcp protein/TAA); female liver (71.5/94.5), male liver(71.2/96.2), female heart(67.8/95.4), male heart(69.0/95.7), female gizzard(66.8/88.2) and male gizzard(68.0/90.5). From these results, there appears to be stricking similarities between particular pairs as depicted in both the protein/TAA per sample: (i) all the samples showed likely high true protein values; (ii) these pairwise similarities could be observed; protein/protein, TAA/TAA: female/male[liver]: 71.5/71.2, 94.5/96.2; female/male[heart]: 67.8/69.0, 95.4/95.7; and female/male[gizzard]: 66.8/68.0, 88.2/90.5.These observations make this type of research a very valuable one as it clearly portrays the organ characteristic/similarities in the cuts of the common quail.
Figure 1 depicts the percentage values of the AA profiles of the samples. The highest percentage concentration AA was Glu at 18.4-19.7% and variation of 2.61% (lower than in the AA profiles); next was Asp in 5 samples at 9.79-12.2% (variation = 8.96%); third in Lys for female liver (FL), male liver (ML), female gizzard (FG) and male gizzard (MG); third also in Leu for female heart (FH) and male heart (MH). Four AA percentage levels had their CV% levels greater than 30.0%. The values of the percentage levels portrayed different variation (CV%) characteristics when compared to such values in Table 1. Glu had the highest percentage values and lowest variation of 2.61%, percentage value range being 18.4 – 19.7. Asp, Lys and Leu had these percentage variation values: 8.96, 14.8, 11.3 respectively. Amino acids percentage variation values greater than 30.0% were: Ser (30.2), Val (34.8), Thr(40.4) and Met(30.8).
Figure 1. Percentage values of the amino acids profile of the common quail (Coturnx coturnix) male and female viscera organs (liver, heart and gizzard).
The statistical analyses of the AA profiles in various group levels were shown in Tables 2 and 3. In Table 2, the statistical evaluation was based on organ sex pairs of female/male (liver), female/male (heart) and female/male (gizzard). The correlation coefficient (rxy) values were positive, high and significantly different at r = 0.01 and n-2(df) at critical level of 0.590. The rxy values were liver (F/M) 0.9981 ˃ heart (F/M) 0.9962 ˃ gizzard (F/M) 0.9873. The variance (rxy2) values were all high and followed the trend observed in the rxy. The regression coefficient were all high at 1.03-1.09 with values being in contrast to the trend values as observed in the rxy. The mean values were low but the CV% were high at 74.0-80.7. All the coefficient of alienation (CA) values of 0.0624-0.1591were all lower than the index of forecasting efficiency (IFE) values of 0.8409-0.9376. Since the CA ˂˂ IFE, prediction of relationship is easy, positive, and reliable between each sample pair. Compared in this Table were liver (F/M), heart (F/M) and gizzard (F/M). All the rxy values were significantly different at n-2(df) and 0.590 critical level. In the Rxy, the x represents F in each pair whereas y represents M in each pair. It means Rxy can otherwise be as this: Rx:y, meaning that while x = 1g/100g in each case, y = 1.03,1.06,1.09 as the case may be; hence the ratio of Rxy would be, (liver) F/M(x:y=1.00:1.03); (heart) F/M(x:y=1.00:1.06); (gizzard) F/M(x:y=1.00:1.09). For each 1.00g increase in the female organ AA, male increased by 1.03 – 1.09. The total implication is that the TAA of female concentration was lower than the corresponding TAA of male. The mean values were relatively low at 4.89 – 5.31(female) and 5.03 – 5.34g/100gcp(male) with corresponding CV% of 74.0 – 77.5(female) and 78.7 – 80.7(male); the CV% were relatively high. The CA values were low at 0.0624 – 0.1591 but the IFE were high at 0.8409 – 0.9376. CA and IFE work together as CA + IFE = 1.00(when working on fractional basis) or CA + IFE = 100(when working on percentage basis).
Table 2. Statistical analysis of the amino acid composition of common quail (Coturnix coturnix) based on organ sex pairs [female/male (liver), female/male (heart), female/male (gizzard)].
| Statistics | Liver (F/M) | Heart (F/M) | Gizzard (F/M) |
| Correlation coefficient (rxy) | 0.9981* | 09962* | 0.9873* |
| Variance (rxy2) | 0.9961 | 0.9925 | 0.9747 |
| Regression coefficient (Rxy) | 1.03 | 1.06 | 1.09 |
| Mean1 | 5.25 | 5.31 | 4.89 |
| Standard deviation1 (SD1) | 4.07 | 3.93 | 3.68 |
| Coefficient of variation%,(CV%1) | 77.5 | 74.0 | 75.3 |
| Mean2 | 5.34 | 5.32 | 5.03 |
| SD2 | 4.20 | 4.19 | 4.06 |
| CV%2 | 78.7 | 78.8 | 80.7 |
| Coefficient of alienation (CA) | 0.0624 | 0.0866 | 0.1591 |
| Index of forecasting efficiency (IFE) | 0.9376 | 0.9134 | 0.8409 |
*Values are significantly different at n-2[n-2 = 18-2 = 16(df)] and r = 0.01 (critical value = 0.590); F = female; M = male; Mean1, SD1, CV%1 represent Female values, Mean2, SD2, CV%2 represent male values in each column as appropriate.
The CA represents the error of prediction of relationship between two compared entities whereas IFE represents the reduction of error in the prediction of relationship. When CA ˂ IFE, prediction of relationship is easy, reliable and establishes whether a member of the pair can carry out the biochemical/phyiological activities of the other member and vice versa. Taking the CA and IFE values of liver (F/M), CA = 6.24% (error of prediction and IFE = 93.76% (reduction of error of prediction). Since CA ˂˂˂ IFE, prediction of relationship in liver (F/M); gizzard (F/M) would yield very correct results of positivity.
In Table 3, statistical evaluation was based on organs of the female and male birds; [(F): liver/heart, liver/gizzard, heart/gizzard] and [(M): liver/heart, liver/gizzard, heart/gizzard]. In the female bird, all the rxy values were positive, high and significantly different as follows: L/G (0.9736) ˃ L/H(0.9349) ˃ H/G(0.9044) with also high levels of rxy2 and all Rxy values being less than 1.00 (0.8472-0.9016). The rxy, rxy2 and Rxy values were all correspondingly lower than the values observed in Table 2. Mean values were low but variation values were high. The CA values were low but higher than the levels observed in Table 2. The IFE levels were high but lower than the levels observed in Table 2; although as in Table 2, CA ˂˂ IFE, hence prediction of relationship is still high as mentioned in Table 2. In the male bird, the rxy values were positive, high and significantly different; L/G (0.9849) ˃ L/H(0.9334) ˃ H/G(0.9184) at r = 0.01 and n-2(df) with critical value of 0.590. The rxy2 values followed the trend in the rxy. The Rxy values were higher than in female bird values. The mean values were low with corresponding high CV% values. The CA values were lower than their corresponding IFE values, hence prediction of relationship among the pairs of (M): L/H, L/G, and H/G would be easy and reliable.
Table 3. Statistical analysis of the amino acid composition of common quail (Coturnix coturnix) based on the organs of the female bird [(f) and male bird [(m)].
This investigation concluded that the total solids, fat, protein, ash and titratable acidity content of the yoghurt mish were significantly (P<0>
Salwa Ahmed: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Validation, Writing – original draft.
Ibtisam El Zubeir: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing.
The data used in the current paper will be available upon request from the crosponding author.
Thanks and appreciation are extended to Mr. Ahmed Sabeel for his help during the statistical analysis of the present data and Mohammed Elfatih for his technical help during the laboratory work.
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