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Case Report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/692
1Ministry of Health and Sports. Quispe-Cornejo Scientific Academic Institute. La Paz, Bolivia.
2Hospital Del Norte, Cochabamba. Emergency Department. Cochabamba, Bolivia.
3Ministry of Health and Sports. La Paz, Bolivia.
4Military Hospital No. 2 of the Regional Macro Agency "COSSMIL". Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
5Faculty of Medicine. Private University of Valle Bolivia. Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
6Elizabeth Seton Hospital. Caja Petrolera de Salud. Cochabamba, Bolivia.
7Fray Quebracho Hospital of the Gran Chaco. Tarija, Bolivia.
*Corresponding Author: Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez, Ministry of Health and Sports. Quispe-Cornejo Scientific Academic Institute. La Paz, Bolivia.
Citation: Jorge M. Molina, Auza-Santivañez JC, Blas A. Huanca, Tania L. Padilla, Daniel R. Elías Vallejos-Rejas, et al, (2025), Cardiac Tamponade in a Patient with Chagas Disease and Pericardiocentesis: A Case Report, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, 25(5); DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/692
Copyright: © 2025, Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 20 January 2025 | Accepted: 16 April 2025 | Published: 05 May 2025
Keywords: chronic chagas; cardiac tamponade; pericardiocentesis; POCUS
Introduction: Cardiac tamponade is considered a medical emergency, which is characterized by the accumulation of fluid, pus, blood or clots in the pericardial space. Chagas disease is considered one of the potential causes of cardiac tamponade due to the myocarditis and pericarditis it can produce.
Clinical case: 58-year-old male patient who went to the emergency department, with a condition characterized by: dizziness, fatigue, productive cough with whitish expectoration, moderate dyspnea, general and mild chest discomfort. With a history of Chronic Chagas, smoker. A PA chest x-ray, electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram were performed, confirming the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade.
Discussion: Although Beck's triad can guide the diagnosis, it occurs in a small percentage of cases. In our case, after diagnosis, ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis was performed and allowed the evacuation of blood content, improving the hemodynamic condition after performing the procedure and stable vital parameters.
Conclusions: Chronic Chagas and some associated risk factors triggered the development of plugging. The pericardiocentesis was successful, allowing the evacuation of blood content, improving the hemodynamic condition and avoiding complications. Atypical presentation requires multidisciplinary management, early diagnosis related to clinical and ultrasound findings are essential for management, these will be determining factors in the evolution and prognosis of our patients.
Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition, considered a medical or traumatic emergency, characterized by the accumulation of fluid, pus, blood, clots, or gases, as well as trauma, in the pericardial space, resulting in external compression of the heart and decreased ventricular filling. [1,2] Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered a potential cause of cardiac tamponade due to the myocarditis and pericarditis it can cause. [3,4]
Timely diagnosis of cardiac tamponade is crucial, as delayed treatment can result in cardiogenic shock and death. Clinical presentation may range from subtle signs and symptoms to fulminant cardiogenic shock, depending on the rapidity of pericardial fluid accumulation and the heart's compensatory capacity. [5-7] Common symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, chest pain, and jugular venous distension; physical signs may include hypotension, tachycardia, pulsus paradoxus, and decreased heart sounds. [7,8]
Pericardiocentesis is the emergency treatment for cardiac tamponade, allowing drainage of pericardial fluid and relieving external compression on the heart. [9,10] Pericardiocentesis, a procedure that can be guided by transthoracic echocardiography or fluoroscopy, reduces the risk of complications. POCUS (Point of Care Ultrasound), a diagnostic imaging tool, is useful due to its accessibility in most Intensive Care Unit settings, and is thus used in cases of cardiac tamponade. [10-13]
Our clinical case presents Chronic Chagas disease, this pathology in advanced stages shows evidence of signs of cardiac involvement, the presence of pericarditis and cardiac tamponade confirmed by echocardiogram as in our clinical case.
A 58-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with a condition characterized by dizziness, fatigue, a productive cough with whitish expectoration, moderate dyspnea, general malaise, and mild chest and abdominal discomfort located in the mesogastrium and epigastrium. He reported a history of chronic Chagas disease diagnosed 10 years ago with no regular treatment, and was a smoker of 1 pack of cigarettes a day. Urgent laboratory tests and a chest X-ray (Figure 1), electrocardiogram (Figure 2), transthoracic echocardiogram (Figure 3A–3B) were requested, and he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit.
Physical Examination: On assessment, the patient was in fair general condition, palpitation, dyspneic, tachypneic, afebrile, conscious, and oriented to time, place, and person. Respiratory system: Respiratory rate (FR) 23 per minute. Decreased vesicular murmur in the right lung, crackles are heard in both lung fields. Cardiovascular system: decreased, arrhythmic heart sounds. No pericardial friction rub. Heart rate (HR): 75 beats per minute (bpm), Blood pressure 100/60 mmHg. Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SatO2) of 88% without oxygen supply, Temperature 36.7°C, Weight 55 kg, Height 166 cm, BMI 19 kg/m2. On regional physical examination, skin and mucous membranes were slightly dry and pale. Isochoric and photoreactive pupils, non-congestive oropharynx, presence of hepatojugular reflux and jugular engorgement and edema in the lower limbs (++).
Laboratory Report: Red blood cells 4,644 x 10^3/mm³, Hematocrit (Hct) 43%, Hemoglobin (Hb) 13.70 mg/dl, Platelets 294,000/mm³, Leukocytes (WBC) 9,600/mm³, Segmented 80%, Lymphocytes 17%, Prothrombin Time (PT) 13.6 sec, Activity 84%, INR 1.16. Creatinine 1.28 mg/dl, Fasting blood glucose 190.50 mg/dl, Total bilirubin 0.8 mg/dl, Direct bilirubin 0.3 mg/dl, Indirect bilirubin 0.5 mg/dl, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) 49.9 U/l, Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) 62.6 U/l, Urea 23 mg/dl, Chlorine 96.40 mEq/L, Potassium 4.79 mEq/L, Sodium 135.10 mEq/L. C-reactive protein (CRP) (+) 24 mg/dl. Fasting blood glucose 139.40 mg/dl, Creatinine 1.29 mg/dl, Natriuretic peptide tests (NT proBNP): 1,264.0 pg/ml. INDIRECT HEMAGLUTINATION HAI (Chagas) Positive reaction. ENZYME IMMUNOGLYCERIDE TEST (ELISA) (+).
Figure 1: Chest X-ray PA. shows the “Water bottle” sign that distorts the silhouette cardiac. Images suggestive of pulmonary edema.
Figure 2: Electrocardiogram reports: Sinus rhythm, HR 76 Bpm, PR: 160msg QRS: 120msg, Right bundle branch block.
Figure 3A: Transthoracic echocardiogram, parasternal long-axis view, shows evidence of massive pericardial effusion. DP: Pericardial Effusion, LV: Left Ventricle, LA: Left Atrium, and RA: Descending Aorta.
Figure 3B: Parasternal short-axis view with evidence of massive pericardial effusion. DP: Pericardial Effusion, LV: Left Ventricle, and RV: Right Ventricle
After the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade was made, an emergency pericardiocentesis was performed in the intensive care unit (ICU) with continuous vital sign monitoring, sterile fields, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) guidance, and a subxiphoid approach with a 50-ml syringe connected to a branula. Approximately 500 ml of blood was evacuated, and a drain was placed for its evacuation. The procedure was performed without complications. A sample of pericardial fluid was sent to the laboratory for culture and cytology (Figure 4A-4B).
Figure 4A: Parasternal long axis view showing the recovery of the right cavities after pericardial drainage. DP: Pericardial Effusion, LV: Left Ventricle, RV: Right Ventricle, LVOT: Left Ventricle Outflow Tract and
AI:Left Atrium.
Figure 4B: Parasternal short-axis view showing the recovery of the right cavities after pericardial drainage. DP: Pericardial Effusion, LV: Left Ventricle and RV: Right Ventricle.
Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and treatment. In this case, the patient's clinical presentation and the findings of complementary studies led to a diagnosis of cardiac tamponade. The increase in intrapericardial pressure and the resulting compression of cardiac chambers produces a severe decrease in venous return and right ventricular filling. This causes a drop in cardiac output and a subsequent drop in blood pressure. The use of vasoactive drugs worsens the hemodynamic condition and can lead to death if pericardial drainage is not promptly resolved.
Although Beck's triad (hypotension, hypophonetic heart sounds, and jugular distension) can guide the diagnosis, it occurs in a small percentage of cases.
Pericardiocentesis is the treatment of choice in cases of cardiac tamponade, as it allows drainage of accumulated pericardial fluid and relieves external compression of the heart. 8 In this case, ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis was successful and allowed evacuation of the blood, improving the patient's hemodynamic condition. In our clinical case, after the procedure, the patient showed clinical improvement, was hemodynamically stable, and had stable vital signs. He progressed without complications. Approximately 1700 ml of blood was evacuated. A follow-up transthoracic echocardiogram and chest computed tomography were performed, with resolution of the pericardial effusion.
This case highlights the usefulness of intensive care unit ultrasound (POCUS) for early diagnosis in emergency situations. Furthermore, it is advisable to evaluate the correct insertion of the central venous access with a complementary study or ultrasound with a cardiac view to avoid complications. The use of POCUS in intensive care is a critical diagnostic tool to ensure better therapeutic outcomes.
However, determining the underlying etiology of cardiac tamponade is essential for appropriate management and prevention of recurrence. 10 In this case, the presence of blood in the pericardial fluid suggests the possibility of a neoplastic or infectious etiology, such as Chagas disease, which can cause myocarditis and pericarditis. [3,4] It is important to highlight that Chagas disease is endemic in certain regions of Latin America, such as Bolivia, and can present with various cardiovascular complications, including cardiac tamponade.
Chronic Chagas disease and some associated risk factors triggered the development of cardiac tamponade, a potentially life-threatening condition requiring timely diagnosis and management. Delayed treatment can result in cardiogenic shock and death. In our clinical case, ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis was successful and allowed evacuation of blood, improving hemodynamics and preventing complications.
Atypical presentations, such as the one presented here, require multidisciplinary management. Early diagnosis based on clinical and ultrasound findings is essential for management, as they will be crucial to the outcome and prognosis of our patients.
The patient's consent was obtained for this work.
Financing
The authors did not receive funding for the implementation of this study.
Conflict Of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Conceptualization: Research: Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez, Jorge Márquez-Molina Methodology: Daniel Ramiro Elías Vallejos-Rejas, Blas Apaza-Huanca Visualization: Daniel Ramiro Elías Vallejos-Rejas
Original draft: Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez, Jorge Márquez-Molina, Blas Apaza-Huanca, Tania Lino-Padilla, Daniel Ramiro Elías Vallejos-Rejas, Jose Bernardo Antezana-Muñoz, Victor Hugo Mamani Huarachi
Writing-reviewing and editing: Jhossmar Cristians Auza-Santivañez, Jorge Márquez-Molina, Blas Apaza-Huanca, Tania Lino-Padilla, Daniel Ramiro Elías Vallejos-Rejas, Jose Bernardo Antezana-Muñoz, Victor Hugo Mamani Huarachi
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