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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/636
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
2Organic and Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
3Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
4Department of Pharmacology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Ferydoon Khamooshi, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
Citation: Ferydoon Khamooshi, Amirreza Kheirkhah, Samaneh Doraji-Bonjar, Sahar Shabzendedar, Ali Reza Modarresi-Alam, et al, (2024), As a new Biomedical drug for the future: A Template-free Synthesis of a new poly (aniline-co-m- amino Benzenesulfonic acid) Nanobelts along with Estimation of the Exact amount of the Sulfonated Monomer Inserted in the main Copolymer Chain, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, 22(3); DOI:10.31579/2690-4861/636
Copyright: © 2024, Ferydoon Khamooshi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 22 November 2024 | Accepted: 06 December 2024 | Published: 14 January 2025
Keywords: nanobelt pani copolymer; template-free synthesis; new biomedical compound; polymerization mechanism; anti-bacterial properties
In this study, a novel antibacterial nanocomposite of poly (aniline-co-m-amino benzenesulfonic acid) (NPAABS), was synthesized using a simple, green, and template-free method. The synthesis produced both salt and base forms of the nanocomposite, which were characterized using various techniques, including FT-IR, UV-Vis’s spectroscopy, elemental analysis, TGA, DSC, XRD, and SEM/TEM microscopy. The results indicated that some m-amino benzenesulfonic acid acted as dopant anions, while others were incorporated into the polymer chains as monomers, confirming the successful synthesis of the copolymer. The nanocomposites exhibited nanobelt morphology, with average diameters of 38 nm for the salt form and 26 nm for the base form. Additionally, the study provided insights into the conductivity and thermal stability of the synthesized materials, revealing that the NPAABS-salt demonstrated higher conductivity compared to the NPAABS-base. Based on the results of this research, it is possible to develop new materials with improved properties and diverse applications in various fields such as sensors, supercapacitors, and biomedical materials.
Highlight:
This research focuses on the synthesis of new nano-capsules of polyaniline and m- amino benzenesulfonic acid with antibacterial and medicinal properties. The nano-capsules were prepared in both salt and base forms, and their properties were analyzed using FT-IR and elemental analysis. The results show that these nano-capsules could be used in the development of biomedical drugs and antimicrobial materials.
Introduction
Recent years has witnessed a growing interest in synthesis of unidimensional nanostructures of conjugated polymers [1-3] as they are characterized with both organic conductors and low dimensional systems, with possible applications in molecular wires through polymeric conduction [4], chemical sensors [5-8], membranes of gas separation [9], supercapacitors [10, 11], and electronic and light-emitting devices [12, 13]. One of the conducting polymers that has been the subject of growing studies is PANI, mainly because of its inexpensiveness, ease of synthesis, excellent environmental stability, electrical conductivity and redox reversibility [14-20]. PANI has also been widely employed in biosensor development, especially for biosensing glucose, peroxide, nucleic acid, cholesterol, immune cytokines, and phenols. In addition, PANI is utilized in tissue engineering applications related to cardiac, nerve, skeletal muscle, and bone tissue [21, 22]. Using a variety of methods including electrochemistry [23], surfactant assemblies [24], nanofiber seeding polymerization [25], and green synthesis [26], researchers have reported different PANI nanostructures, such as nanofibers, nanotubes, nanorods, nanoplates, and nanoparticles. Also, many copolymers of aniline and its derivatives have been synthesized with diverse morphology and their properties have been investigated [27-29]. For example, Ding et al. reported the synthesis of poly (aniline-co-m-nitroaniline) nanofibers by chemical and electrochemical polymerization [30]. The breaking stone-like structure of poly (aniline-co-ethyl-4-aminobenzoate) was synthesized using the electrochemical method by Sasikumar and Manisankar [31]. The sharp-edged rhombohedral blocks have been reported in copolymers of aniline and amino benzene sulfonic acid synthesized by the solution method with ammonium persulfate acting as the oxidant [32]. Acids and solid acids play an important role in synthetic reactions [33, 34]. In the chemical reactions of amines, both in the synthesis of amines and in the processability of amines, the presence of acidic reagents in terms of nucleophilic and oxidation-reduction mechanisms is very useful as a facilitating factor for the mechanism and reaction [35-44]. There are other instances of aniline copolymer synthesis with different morphologies, but they have not been discussed here for the sake of brevity. Since this paper describes the synthesis of a copolymer of aniline and m-amino benzene sulfonic acid with nanobelt morphology, some examples of polymers with this morphology are given below. Yu et al. synthesized the polyaniline nanobelts, flower-like and rhizoid-like nanostructures using the electrospinning method in HCl/H2SO4 solution and ammonium persulfate as the oxidant at room temperature [45]. Lan et al. presented the synthesis of polyaniline nanobelts in a simple mixture of aniline and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution with ammonium peroxydisulfate and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at room temperature in the absence of any templates [46]. The polyaniline nanobelts were synthesized with predominant electrochemical performances by Li et al., [47]. Further, a synthesis of the polyaniline nanobelts was carried out by Li et al. in a self-assembly process by utilizing the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in a surfactant gel [48]. The results shown in Table 1 prove that the antibacterial activities of Polyaniline copolymers are more potent than standard antibiotics [49-55]. According to Figure 1, the antimicrobial properties of the copolymer of aniline derivatives due to the interference of the polyaniline parts of the copolymer with the potential of interaction with Electrical charges disrupt the bacterial cell membrane [52].
It causes leakage of cytoplasmic contents or its complete lysis cells and thus causes the death of the bacteria [49-52, 56-58]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the synthesis of aniline copolymers and their derivatives with nanobelt morphology and this paper is the first attempt to investigate such the synthesis and morphology. This nano copolymer was synthesized using the chemical method in an HCl solution, at 45 °C and in the presence of ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. Also, we used NaOH solution to the preparation of the base form of the copolymer and eliminated the monomers which were placed as dopant molecules alongside the polymer chains. The main objective of the base-copolymer synthesis is to investigate the role of m-amino benzene sulfonic acid in copolymer composition. Thus, the FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis are used to study the m-amino benzenesulfonic acid behavior and to calculate the true content of m- amino benzene sulfonic acid monomers entering into the polymer chains and the amount of which acted as the dopant agents. So far, there is no reported papers have used base copolymers to determine the exact and true amount of the sulfonated monomer entered into the main copolymer chains.
Table 1: Investigation and comparison of antibacterial properties of polymer and copolymers of PANI (Polyaniline)
Figure 1: Anti-bio diagramof PANI-Co-Polymer antibacterial properties
Materials
All chemicals were purchased from Fluka and Merck Chemical Co. (Germany). m-Amino benzenesulfonic acid (m-ABS), ammonium persulfate (APS), HCl, methanol, sodium hydroxide, were used as received except for aniline and NMP, which was distilled to purify.
Measurements
FT-IR spectra were recorded by an FTIR-JASCO 460 spectrometer on KBr pellets over the range of 400-4000 cm-1. Ultraviolet-visible spectra were recorded in an S100 ANALYT-IKJENA SPECORD spectrophotometer using a dilute nanocomposite solution (0.20 g/dL) in NMP. The elemental analysis was carried out by a CHNS-600 Leco elemental analyzer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were performed using the DuPont Instruments (TGA50H) analyzer at 10 C/min under an O2 atmosphere in the temperature range of 0-800°C. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded by an X-ray diffractometer (GBC MMA instrument) and Be-filtered CuKα (0.15418 nm) operated at 35.4 kV and 28 mA. The 2θ scanning range was set between 5° and 90° at a scan rate of 0.05 (°/s). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was recorded by a Hitachi S4160 instrument. Images of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were recorded by a Philips CM-10 at 100 kV. The conductivity of the sample was determined using the four-probe technique tablets (bulk no film).
Synthesis of nano poly (aniline-co-m-ABS) salt (NPAABS-salt)
In a 50-ml round-bottom flask, m-amino benzene sulfonic acid (5 mmol, 0.866 g) was dissolved in 20 ml HCl (1M) at about 60°C (to dissolve the monomer) and then the ammonium persulfate (5 mmol, 1.141 g) was added. Aniline (5mmol, 0.446 g) was added drop-wise to the reaction mixture at 45°C. The reaction mixture color changed to brown due to the onset of copolymerization and oxidation of monomers. Following 1 h of heating, the mixture color grew dark green owing to the growth of copolymer chains. After that, the mixture was heated at 45°C for 6 h and then placed at room temperature for 18 h. The collection of formed precipitate was conducted by filtration and washed with distilled water to produce a dark green powder. It was then dried for 12 h in the oven at 65-70 °C and a yield of 73% was obtained. The synthetic procedure is shown in Figure 2.
Synthesis of nano poly(aniline-co-m-ABS) base (NPAABS-base)
The mixture of NPAABS-salt (1.14 mmol, 0.15 g) and 23 ml NaOH (0.1 M) was stirred at room temperature for 72 h at a constant pH = 9-10. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with distilled water and then dried for 12 h in the oven at 65-70 °C. The weight and the reaction yield were about 0.058 g and 38.73%, respectively. The synthetic procedure is shown in Figure 2.
Figure2: Synthesis of (NPAABS-salt) and (NPAABS-base)
FT-IR spectra characterization
FT-IR spectra provide useful information that confirms the formation of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base. Figure 3 shows the FT-IR spectra of synthesized copolymers. Absorption bands above 3200 cm-1 are attributed to the N–H stretching. The broad absorption bands at wavenumbers higher than 2000 cm-1 in the spectra of NPAABS-salt, compared to NPAABS-base, indicates that NPAABS-salt is more conductive than NPAABS-base. Hence, the conductivity of copolymers confirms the results (Section 3.4).
The spectra of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base exhibit main bands at 1488-1495 and 1574-1584 cm-1, which correspond to C=C stretching of benzene ring and C=C and C=N stretching of quinone ring, respectively [59, 60]. The coexistence of these bands (benzenoid and quinoid) in FT-IR spectra indicates the formation of polymers.
Two other indicator bands appeared at 1171 cm-1 in NPAABS-salt and 1140 cm-1 in NPAABS-base. The former was assigned to C–H in-plane deformation of Q=NH+–B (Q and B are quinoid and benzenoid rings, respectively) or B–NH+•–B unit, which is characteristic of polaron and bipolaron states [59-61]. The latter is caused by B–NH–B and/or aromatic C–H in-plane deformation of N=Q=N. This band is characteristic of the base state. In addition, the presence of O=S=O unsymmetrical and symmetric stretching vibrations (Ar-SO3H or –SO3-) at 1303-1309 cm-1 and 1010-1021 cm-1, respectively, and C-S unsymmetrical stretching vibration at 614 and 616 cm-1 confirms the existence of m-amino benzene sulfonic acid (m-ABS) monomer in polymer chains and the formation of copolymers in both spectra. However, the intensity of recent peaks in sulfur-bonded bonds for the base form (NPAABS-base) has declined compared to the salt form (NPAABS-salt). This indicates that some of the sulfonated monomers have been placed alongside the copolymer chains as a dopant anion to maintain electric neutrality, which was eliminated after washing with NaOH.
Figure3: FT-IR spectraof NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base
The incomplete removal of the peaks corresponding to sulfur-bonded bonds for the base form (NPAABS-base) confirms the insertion of sulfonated monomersin polymer chains and the formation of copolymers. The elemental analysis also demonstrates this decline (Section 3.3), [61-64]. The bands appearing at 849 and 826 cm-1 could be assigned to C–H out-of-plane bending vibration (1, 2, 4-trisubstituted ring). This suggests that copolymers have the head-to-tail coupling (para-coupling) structure of aniline units in chains [61-64].
UV-Vis spectroscopy
Figures 4a and 4b represent the UV–Vis’s absorption spectra of samples in the NMP and formic acid solvents, respectively. In Figure 4a, the absorption peak at 340 nm is due to π→π* transitions of benzenoid rings, whereas the peaks at 635 and 640 nm correspond to n→π* electronic transition of the quinoid segments. These bands can be attributed to non-protonated quinoid or oxidized polyaniline base forms [65]. The NPAABS-salt in the NMP solvent (due to the presence of the basic carbonyl group in the NMP) was transformed into an NPAABS-base form and the UV-vis spectra of the NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base were found to be identical [61-66]. The spectra of samples in the formic acid (Figure 4b) were different from their spectrumin NMP due to the nature of the solvents. The polymers were doped in the formic acid and the polaron structure was formed. Thus, p (polaron)→π* and π→p transitions appeared at 400-420 and ~800 nm, respectively.
Figure 4: UV–Visspectra of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base (0.02g/L) in (a) NMP and (b) formicacid
The π→π* transition of quinoid rings was observed at 255-300 nm in both spectra. Also, the peaks at 314 and 318 nm corresponded to π →π* electronic transition of the benzenoid rings. The UV-Vis spectra of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base in the formic acid were identical since the NPAABS- base was doped in the formic acid and converted into the salt form [60-66].
Elemental analysis (CHN and S)
The CHNS results are consistent with the estimated and experimental data. To obtain the formula of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base in Table 2, we proposed a formula that was tested with computational calculations. The ratios reported in Table 2 were obtained using this formula [62]. The results of CHNS support the presence of Cl and m-ABS counter ions as well as the doping of NPAABS-salt chains with some m-ABS molecules, which were further approved by FT-IR for NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base. As shown in Table 2, after the synthesis of NPAABS-base, the N/S ratio increased due to the elimination of m-ABS molecules, which acted as the dopant, and were placed alongside the polymer chains. It also indicates that not all m-amino benzene sulfonic acid monomers had entered into the polymer chains. The monomers which acted as dopants are then removed by adding NaOH solution. In addition, the presence of sulfur in the NPAABS base after the dedoping process confirms the formation of copolymers.
Table 2: The elementary composition of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base (CHN and S)
Conductivity
The conductivity of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base were estimated at 6.3×10-4 and 2.0×10-5 S/cm, respectively. The conductivity of samples was in the region of semi-conductive polymers,which was consistent with the doping percent. As can be seen, conductivity dropped by removing the dopant molecules in the synthesis of NPAABS-base. The conductivity of polyaniline and its derivatives soared by increasing the extent of doping [63, 66-68]. The chemical structure of the counter anion
or dopant influences the conductivity of the polyaniline [69]. Generally, the substituted polyaniline has lower conductivity compared to the original polyaniline. The existenceof substituents in the polymer chains may give rise to non-planer conformations, which reduces conjugation along the backbone [60, 61, 63, 66-68]. The steric effects of the SO3H substituent diminish the conductivity of samples in comparison with the unsubstituted polyaniline. The synthetic procedure of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base based on the elemental analysis is shown in Figure 2.
Thermal properties
TGA curves of synthesized nano copolymers under O2 up to 800 °C are shown in Figure 5. The corresponding data of T10%, char yields (C.Y.) and limiting oxygen indexes (LOI), computed from char yields at 800°C are depicted in Table 3. The C.Y. could be employed as a criterion for assessing the LOI of polymers based on Van Krevelen and Hoftyzer Equation1[69].
LOI = 17.5 + 0.4 C.Y.
Eq. 1. Van Krevelenand Hoftyzer equation
Figure 5: TGA curves of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base under O2 at a heatingrate of 10 °C/min.
| Sample | T10% (°C) | C.Y (%) | LOI (%) |
| NPAABS-Salt | 274 | 0.46 | 17.68 |
| NPAABS-Base | 222 | 37.51 | 32.5 |
Table 3: Thermal properties of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base
Overall, a polymer LOI of higher than 26% was seen as self-extinguishable and the calculated LOI of NPAABS-salt is 32.5%. Hence, it was assigned to this category. The T10% values of NPAABS-salt and NPAABS-base were 274 °C and 222 °C, respectively. It reveals that their high thermal stability depends on the chemical structure of the repeating unit. In both curves, the first weight loss could be ascribed to water withdrawal or breaking of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds at temperatures lower than 150°C. The second step was between 150-630 °C (-81.34%) in the NPAABS-salt curve, and the second and third weight losses of about 10.91
In this study, the synthesis of the new nano copolymers of aniline and m-amino benzenesulfonic acid was investigated under the solution condition with the nanobelt morphology using the template-free method. Another goal of this study was to prepare both salt and base forms of copolymers to determine the true and exact amounts of sulfonated monomers entering the copolymer chains. According to theN/S ratio of CHNS analysis and FT-IR spectra of copolymers, it appears that not all m-amino benzene sulfonic acid monomers have succeeded enter into the polymer chains. That is, some acted as a dopant and were thus removed from the polymer chains after washing with the NaOH solution. This comparison was done for the first time. In none of the reported papers base- copolymers have been used to determine the number of sulfonated monomers entered into the main copolymer chains. For the first time, we demonstrated that not all sulfonated monomers are included in the copolymer matrix, and some of them act as dopant anions and are placed alongside the polymer chains. Furthermore, how the addition of NaOH can change morphology. This research investigates the biomedical and pharmaceutical properties of a new nanocarrier made of polyaniline and m-amino benzenesulfonic acid (NPAABS). The synthesized nanocarriers have significant antibacterial properties that can be used in the development of biomedical drugs and antimicrobial materials. The results show that these nanocarriers can be effective as a new biomedical drug in the treatment of diseases and infections. Moreover, due to their nanostructured nature, nanocarriers can be used in tissue engineering applications, especially in cardiac, neural, and muscular tissues. Additionally, these nanocarriers have high thermal and electrical stability, making them suitable for chemical and electronic sensors.
As a result, this paper offers an exhaustive set of strategies, including the synthesis of the semi- conducting nano copolymer with nanobelt morphology, along with simple, effective, and inexpensive preparation and true and exact estimation of the amount of sulfonated monomer entering the copolymer chain; and In conclusion, this research presents a simple and effective method for synthesizing semiconductor nanocarriers with biomedical and pharmaceutical properties, which can aid in the development of new materials in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
The Graduate EducationCouncil of Sistanand Baluchistan University, Zabol University, and Zahedan University of Medical Science supported this research.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
