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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/471
SBU. Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
*Corresponding Author: Melike Elif Teker Açikel, SBU. Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
Citation: : Teker Açikel ME, Büşra Üstün, Mehmet Uğurcan Turhan, (2025), Anatomic and Physiologic Surgical Strategies for Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries: A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Insights, J Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, 8(7); DOI: 10.31579/2641-0419/471
Copyright: © 2025, Melike Elif Teker Açikel. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 18 April 2025 | Accepted: 08 May 2025 | Published: 28 May 2025
Keywords: kidney failure; sofas scores; diabetes mellitus; coronary artery bypass surgery; cardiac diseases
Background
Different definitions and criteria have emerged today to diagnose acute kidney injury.
For this purpose, AKIN, RIFLE, SOFA and KDIGO classifications have been developed. Our aim in this study is to determine the role of AKIN, KDIGO, SOFA and RIFLE scores diabetic patients who underwent Pump-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Graft operation.
Materials and Methods:
Between January 2019 -December 2022, 310 diabetic patients who underwent Pump-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass operation were included in this study. Our study is a cross-sectional retrospective study. In the cardiovascular surgery intensive care unit follow-up of the patients, perioperative data, intensive care follow-up charts, need for continuous renal replacement therapy, use of diuretics, use of inotropic agents, mechanical ventilator therapy, SOFA score, use of nephrotoxic drugs, and urine output were recorded. The RIFLE, KDIGO and AKIN scores of the patients were calculated daily and the highest value during the hospitalization was recorded. In addition to the length of stay in the intensive care unit, death and discharge status of the patients were also evaluated via The independent samples t-test (the distributions normal) was used to compare parametric data, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare non-parametric data.
Results:
The mean age of 310 patients included in our study was 57.4±10.5 years. 132 (42.6%) of our patients were female and 178 (57.4%) were male. Death was observed in 7.8% of the patients included in the study. Not all of the deaths were due to renal failure, but these patients were seen to be in any stage of AKI according to the KDIGO, AKIN and RIFLE classification.
According to the RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO classifications, it was found that the mortality rate increased statistically as the Acute kidney injury stage increased.
Conclusion:
As the staging level in RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO scores increases, the risk of renal failure increases. Checking these scores in patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass may reduce mortality.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a loss of kidney function defined by decrease in hourly urine output(1). It is diagnosed in critically ill patients, with its occurrence estimated at up to 50% in patients hospitalized in the intensive critical unit (1). Kidney Diseases are defined by markers of kidney damage (structural criteria) and/or decreased glomerular filtration rate (functional criteria) persisting for ≤3 months (AKD) or ≥3 months (2) .AKI develops in up to 20-30% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery, and it develops as a serious complication such as mortality in about 50% of them(2).
Different definitions and criteria have emerged today to acute kidney injury.
For this purpose, RIFLE (Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss-End stage) (3), AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) (4) and KDIGO (The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) (5) classifications have been developed. All three classifications are based on serum creatinine level, hourly urine output, or GFR (glomerular filtration rate) to define the presence or severity of kidney injury. Postoperative acute kidney injury can be detected in diabetic patients who will undergo cardiopulmonary bypass surgery and have normal renal function using RIFLE, KDIGO, AKIN and SOFA classifications. In this way, postoperative intensive care unit stay, mortality and morbidity can be reduced.
Our aim is to determine the effect of AKIN, KDIGO, SOFA and RIFLE scores diabet patients who underwent Pump-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Graft operation
Compliance with Ethical Standards This study was approved by the XXXX Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee (approval number: 2023/185, date: 16.10.2023) and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The participants were informed that the data would only be used for scientific purposes.
Patients who underwent Pump-Assisted Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) operation and had diabetic were included in the study. Among 1258 patients who were operated on in our clinic between January 2019 and December 2022, 310 diabetic patients who underwent Cabg operation, between 30-80 years old, elective operation, were included in this study. After the patients were admitted, the procedures to be performed were explained. Informed consent form was signed by the patients. We are our exclusion criteria in our study are with disease requiring additional surgical intervention such as valve replacement, without diabetes, previously known renal failure, renal transplantation, preoperative creatinine level >2.5 mg/dL, and those who died within the perioperative period and the first 24 hours of the postoperative period. Additionally, those with HbA1c values below 6.5 mg/dl were not included in the study.
Preoperative demographic information and laboratory values (2) of the patients [complete blood count (CBC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), coagulation profile] was recorded. Preoperative creatinine value was accepted as baseline value.
Median sternotomy was performed in all patients. The cannulas of the heart-lung pump were placed in the patients and the extracorporeal circulation was kept ready, the aorta was not clamped, cardioplegia and systemic hypothermia were not applied. The pump was activated when the mean blood pressure fell below 50 mmHg, and the pump was not activated when the hemodynamics was stable. In this way, access to the circumflex system was also provided when necessary
Perioperative hemodynamic data, pump duration, perioperative urine output, use of inotropes, and hemoglobin values before and after the pump were recorded.
In the cardiovascular surgery intensive care unit follow-up of the patients, anesthesia card, intensive care follow-up charts, need for continuous renal replacement therapy, use of diuretics, use of inotropic agents, mechanical ventilator therapy, SOFA score, use of nephrotoxic drugs, and urine output were recorded. The RIFLE, KDIGO and AKIN scores of the patients were calculated daily and the highest value during the hospitalization was recorded. In addition to the length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital, the death and discharge status of the patients were also evaluated.
The standardization of diagnosis, Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage (RIFLE) of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) was defined in 2004 by Bellomo et al. (3). Then, in 2007, Mehta et al.(4) Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) and in 2012 Arif Khwaja.(5) Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classifications were defined.
These classifications are calculated according to serum creatinine and urine levels. It consists of 3 sections within itself. In RIFLE classification is 2 stages (“L - Loss” and “E-End Stage Kidney Disease. Additionally, 48-hour creatinine and urine changes are taken into account in the AKIN classification. (6,7).
Creatinine increase by > 0.3 mg/dL over 48 hours; or
Increase in creatinine value more than 1.5 times normal. or
Urine volume in 6 hours is less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour(8).
Increased creatinine by 1.5 times; or
GFR decrease by >25%; (9).
Increase 1.5-1.9 times from baseline; or
≥0.3 mg/dl increase within 48 h (10).
Statistical evaluation was performed using the SPSS 15.0 ((SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package. Parametric data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and non-parametric data as median (mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, median for the numerical). The independent samples t-test (the distributions normal) was used to compare parametric data, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare non-parametric data. A Logistic Regression model was used to analyze categorical data. Statistical significance level was accepted as p Less-than sign 0.05.
The mean pump time of the patients was 106.3±78.5 minutes. The mean baseline creatinine value was 0.7±0.2 mg/Dl, GFR rate was 81.2±31.6, and the mean preoperative hemoglobin level was 12.1±1.8 g/dL.
77.1% of the patients had at least one chronic disease, 27.8% had only hypertension, 15% had peripheral artery disease, 22.8% had COPD, 12.5% had other diseases (CVO, thyroid pathology, epilepsy, infective endocarditis).
Death was observed in 7,8 % of the patients included in the study. Not all of the deaths were due to renal failure, but these patients were seen to be in any stage of AKI with respect to the KDIGO, AKIN and RIFLE classification. When we compared these classifications, it was found that the mortality rate increased statistically as the AKI stage increased (A Logistic Regression model was used to analyze categorical data. Statistical significance level was accepted as ( p Less-than sign 0.05) (Table1).
| . | Exitus n=27 () | Taburcu n=283 (p,6) | p | ||
| Gender n (%) | Men | 57 (62,6) | 121 (55,3) | 0,231 | |
| Women | 34 (37,4) | 98 (44,7) | |||
| Age | 56,8±10,3 | 58,9±10,6 | 0,207 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 77,7±13,1 | 78,5±12,9 | 0,915 | ||
| Size (cm) | 171,4±42,2 | 168,1±8,0 | 0,457 | ||
| BMI | 27,2±4,7 | 27,9±4,7 | 0,465 | ||
| Background n (%) | HT | 35 (38,5) | 83 (37,9) | 1,000 | |
Ischemic Heart Disease | 49 (53,8) | 136 (62,1) | 0,177 | ||
| Peripheral Artery Disease | 3 (3,3) | 11 (5,0) | 0,765 | ||
| Other Systemic Diseases | 16 (17,6) | 62 (28,3) | 0,047 | ||
| CPB duratıon | 106,7±91,7 | 105,3±28,3 | 0,315 | ||
| EF% | 50,5±10,4 | 48,5±10,3 | 0,068 | ||
Table 1. Demographic data of the patients
It was determined that 38.6% of the patients according to the KDIGO and AKIN classifications and 29.4
Acute renal failure (ARF) is the loss of renal function that occurs with a sudden increase in serum creatinine level [1]. Acute kidney injury seen after operation cause high mortality rates, long hospital stays and increased health expenditures [11]. Similar results were found in our patients
Acute kidney injury (AKI) after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) is associated with many adverse outcomes, including increased risk of renal failure (ESBD), prolonged hospital stay, increased morbidity, and short- and long-term mortality [12]
The need for postoperative inotropes and additional support devices such as intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs) may impair renal functions by affecting renal perfusion [13].
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which are measured in the preoperative period as an indicator of acute kidney injury that may occur in the postoperative period, are used to evaluate kidney functions [14].A minimal increase in creatinine after coronary artery bypass grafting can increase 30-day mortality by 3-fold and cause severe ABD requiring dialysis. [15]
Duminda et al. [16] showed that the basal creatinine value was substantially higher and the GFR level was significantly lower in their retrospective study. We did not find any significant results between the basal creatine value and postoperative acute renal failure.
During coronary bypass; hypoperfusion, inflammation, oxidative stress, nephrotoxins and mechanical factors are the factors affecting renal functions. Acute kidney injury due to CPB used in cardiac surgery continues despite new methods and materials used. Peng et al. [17] stated in their study that prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration increases hemolysis. They also reported that increased hemolysis causes free hemoglobin to act as an endogenous toxin and causes pigment nephropathy, which is a risk factor for AKI. [17].
A decrease in the patient's hematocrit values increases the likelihood of AKI. It has been revealed that the incidence rate is high in patients with a hematocrit level below 21-24 Percent sign [18]. In a study by Erdost et al.[19], they showed that a preoperative hemoglobin level of Less-than sign 10 mg/dL increased the risk of developing AKI 2.83 times according to RIFLE classifications.
These classifications are calculated according to serum creatinine and urine levels. It consists of 3 sections within itself. In RIFLE classification is 2 stages ( “L - Loss” and “E-End Stage Kidney Disease ). Additionally, 48-hour creatinine and urine changes are taken into account in the AKIN classification [17].
In most of the related studies, it has been reported that all three classifications can be used to predict mortality [6,7]. In our study, it was determined that the mortality rate increased statistically as the AKI stage increased according to the RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO classification.
Sampaio et al.[20] found the incidence of AKI to be 15 Percent sign according to the RIFLE classification, 51 Percent sign according to the AKIN classification and 19 Percent sign according to the KDIGO classification. In a prospective study involving 282 patients, Maarten et al.[21] found AKI at any stage to be 45.8 Percent sign according to the RIFLE classification and 44.7 Percent sign according to the AKIN classification. Robert et al. [22] found the frequency of AKI to be 30 Percent sign according to the AKIN classification and 31 Percent sign according to the RIFLE classification in their study in which 25086 patients were included. In our study, it was determined that 38.6 Percent sign of the patients were in one of the AKI stages according to the KDIGO and AKIN classification, and 29.4 Percent signaccording to the RIFLE classification.
While acute renal failure due to hospitalization is seen in 2-18 Percent sig, this rate is approximately 30 Percent sign after coronary artery bypass surgery [23]. Englberger et al.[24,25] reported in study in which they included 4836 patients after cardiac surgery, that hospital mortality rate increased as AKI stage increased according to RIFLE and AKIN classifications and ıt was shown that the hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with renal failure at any stage according to the RIFLE and AKIN classifications [26,27].
Although some studies show that these classifications are effective in determining mortality, there are also studies that do not support this. [28,29]. In our study, while mortality increased as the degree of ABY increased in all 3 staging systems, a statistically significant increase was observed only in stage 3 of the KDIGO classification. In our study, it was determined that the mortality rate increased statistically as the AKI stage increased according to the RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO classification.
Depending on whether there is CPB, it can be divided into pumped off-pump and non-pumped off-pump [30]. In general, it has been reported that the pump-operated group has a higher AKI rate than the non-pumped group[31], but there is no difference in mortality and renal failure outcomes [32,33]. In our study, we used the off-pump bypass method in our intervention to the patients.
Study limitations
The data used in this study were obtained from one hospital. Despite these limitations, the study is important in terms of early diagnosis of acute renal failure after cardiopulmonary bypass, reducing postoperative intensive care unit stay, mortality, and morbidity
Determining acute renal failure in coronary artery bypass patients supports the healthier outcome of the patients' postoperative period. In this study, we were able to determine this with certain tests.
The study protocol was approved by the SBU Istanbul Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee (16.102023 / 185-2023).
There is no conflict of interest.
No financial support was received
This work did NOT use artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled technologies (such as Large Language Models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in its production
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Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
