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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/239
1Master of Community Health Nursing, Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3Professor, Department of Nursing Management, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Hamidreza Zendehtalab, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Citation: Hesam Dolatabadi, Hamidreza Zendehtalab, Fatemeh H. Nabavi, (2025), The Impact of a Community-Based Participatory Intervention on Colorectal Cancer Health Literacy Among Middle-Aged Adults: A Field Trial Study, J. Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics. 9(3); DOI:10.31579/2640-1053/239
Copyright: © 2025, Hamidreza Zendehtalab. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 12 May 2025 | Accepted: 19 May 2025 | Published: 26 May 2025
Keywords: health literacy; colorectal cancer; community-based participatory research; middle-aged adults; prevention
Background and Aim: Health literacy is critical for preventing chronic diseases like colorectal cancer. This study evaluated the impact of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) intervention on colorectal cancer health literacy among middle-aged adults.
Methods: This interventional pre-test/post-test study was conducted in 2023 in a Comprehensive Health Services Center in Mashhad, Iran. A total of 64 adults aged 40–59 years were randomized into intervention (n=31) and control (n=33) groups. The 5-week intervention included educational workshops, counseling, materials distribution, and follow-up. Data were collected using the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU) and analyzed with t-tests and two-way ANOVA.
Results: Post-intervention, the intervention group’s mean health literacy score (103.13±13.43) was significantly higher than the control group’s (89.12±14.74) (P<0.05). Significant improvements occurred in healthcare (P<0.05) and health promotion (P<0.03) domains, but not in disease prevention (P=0.23).
Conclusion: The CBPR intervention enhanced health literacy in healthcare and health promotion, offering a scalable model for resource-constrained settings. Longer interventions are needed to impact disease prevention.
Health literacy, defined as the ability to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information and services to make informed decisions, is a cornerstone of public health promotion and chronic disease prevention [1]. This concept is particularly critical in addressing colorectal cancer, the third most common cancer globally and a growing public health challenge in Iran [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), colorectal cancer accounted for over 1.8 million new cases and approximately 880,000 deaths in 2018, with projections indicating a substantial increase by 2030 due to aging populations and lifestyle changes [3]. In Iran, the annual incidence ranges from 98 to 110 cases per 100,000, with a notable upward trend over recent decades, underscoring the urgency of effective prevention strategies [4].
Low health literacy is associated with numerous adverse outcomes, including higher healthcare costs, reduced adherence to screening programs, delayed diagnosis, and exacerbated health disparities [5]. A systematic review by Navarro et al. (2017) found that individuals with low health literacy are 30–50% less likely to participate in colorectal cancer screening programs, such as colonoscopy or fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), increasing the risk of late-stage diagnosis and mortality [6]. This issue is particularly pronounced among middle-aged adults (40–59 years), a group at elevated risk for colorectal cancer where timely lifestyle modifications and screening can significantly reduce disease progression. Interventional studies, such as Ladabaum et al. (2020), have demonstrated that early adoption of preventive behaviors, including high-fiber diets and regular physical activity, combined with routine screening, can reduce colorectal cancer incidence by up to 40% [7]. However, limited knowledge and skills to navigate health services, especially in populations with restricted access to resources, hinder the uptake of these preventive measures [8].
Colorectal cancer imposes a substantial economic and social burden on healthcare systems and communities. A narrative review by Khan & Lengyel (2023) estimated that the direct and indirect costs of colorectal cancer in middle-income countries like Iran amount to billions of dollars annually, largely due to late-stage diagnoses requiring advanced treatments [9]. In Iran, structural barriers, such as limited screening facilities in rural and underserved areas, and cultural barriers, including stigma surrounding colorectal cancer screening, exacerbate prevention challenges [10]. These issues are particularly critical for middle-aged adults, who face increasing exposure to risk factors such as obesity, unhealthy diets, and sedentary lifestyles [4]. Enhancing health literacy in this population can empower individuals to adopt preventive behaviors and access screening services, thereby reducing the disease burden and improving health equity.
Traditional health literacy interventions, often employing top-down approaches, have shown limited effectiveness due to their failure to address community-specific needs and cultural contexts. In contrast, community-based participatory research (CBPR) engages community members in the design and implementation of interventions, fostering trust, increasing acceptance, and ensuring sustainability [11]. Interventional studies, such as Lin et al. (2019), have demonstrated that CBPR can improve health literacy by up to 25% in areas like diabetes and cardiovascular disease management [12]. A systematic review by Ramanadhan et al. (2018) further highlighted that CBPR interventions in cancer prevention, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), can increase screening participation rates by up to 20% [13]. However, the application of CBPR to colorectal cancer health literacy remains underexplored, especially in resource-constrained settings like Iran.
Despite the growing evidence on the role of health literacy in colorectal cancer prevention, few interventional studies in Iran have utilized CBPR to address this issue. Most existing interventions have focused on hospital-based education or mass media campaigns, with limited emphasis on community empowerment through active participation [15]. Furthermore, there is a paucity of studies examining the impact of CBPR on specific health literacy domains (healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion) among middle-aged adults, a group with high potential for behavior change but significant risk exposure. Additionally, the lack of research addressing Iran-specific barriers, such as cultural stigma or limited screening access, represents a critical knowledge gap.
This study seeks to answer the question: “To what extent can a community-based participatory intervention improve colorectal cancer health literacy among middle-aged adults attending in a Comprehensive Health Services Center in Mashhad, Iran?” By addressing this question, the study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a CBPR intervention in enhancing health literacy and to provide a scalable model for Iran’s healthcare system, while considering context-specific barriers.
Primary Objective: To evaluate the impact of a CBPR intervention on colorectal cancer health literacy among middle-aged adults at the Shahid Comprehensive Health Services Center in Mashhad.
Specific Objectives:
Study Design
This filed trial study with a pre-test/post-test design was conducted from April to September 2023 in a Comprehensive Health Services Center in Mashhad, Iran, serving approximately 50,000 residents in the Qasemabad district.
Population and Sample
The target population included adults aged 40–59 years with active health records. Inclusion criteria were literacy in Persian, no history of colorectal cancer or severe chronic diseases, and consent to participate. Exclusion criteria included missing more than one educational session or incomplete post-test questionnaires.
Using a formula for interventional studies (95% confidence, 80% power, effect size 0.5), a minimum sample of 61 was calculated, increased to 70 (35 participants per group) to account for 10% dropout. Four participants in the intervention group and two participants in the control group withdrew from the study for reasons such as not attending more than one educational session and failing to complete the questionnaires. Ultimately, the final analysis was conducted on 64 participants. Random allocation used a random number table.
Data Collection Tools
The European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU), validated in Persian (Tavousi et al., 2016), was the primary tool, with 36 items across three domains:
Items were scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1=very difficult, 4=very easy), with total scores from 36 to 144. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89. A demographic questionnaire collected age, gender, education, and marital status. The validity and reliability of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU) have been confirmed in Iran through a study by Ghanai et al in 2023 [16]. In the present study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each of the three dimensions of health literacy was calculated to be 0.91, indicating high internal consistency.
Intervention Design
The 5-week CBPR intervention was designed based on a needs assessment and implemented as follows:
Healthcare workers received a 2-day training on colorectal cancer and CBPR principles. The 5-week duration was chosen based on logistical constraints and prior short-term CBPR studies [12]. A summary of the educational sessions and the content delivered in them is presented in Table 1.
| Session | Topic | Content | Duration |
| 1 | Introduction to Colorectal Cancer | Risk factors, symptoms | 45-60 min |
| 2 | Screening Methods | Colonoscopy, FOBT | 45-60 min |
| 3 | Diet and Nutrition | Fiber-rich diets, red meat reduction | 45-60 min |
| 4 | Physical Activity | Exercise guidelines | 45-60 min |
| 5 | Community Action | Advocacy, resource access | 45-60 min |
Table 1: Overview of Educational Workshop Content
Data Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Normality was confirmed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, P>0.05). Independent and Paired t-tests compared group scores, and two-way ANOVA assessed demographic influences. Significance was set at 0.05.
Ethical Considerations
Approved by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUMS.REC.1402.015), the study obtained written consent and ensured data confidentiality. Additionally, the present study received a trial registration code (IRCT20230310057666N1) from the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT).
Demographic Characteristics
Table 2 shows the groups were comparable in age, gender, education, occupation, Socioeconomic status and marital status (P>0.05). The data in Table 2 indicate that there were no significant differences between the participants in any of the demographic variables. Therefore, the two study groups were homogeneous.
| Variable | Category | Intervention (n=31) | Control (n=33) | P-value |
| Age (years) | 48.4±7.3 | 47.8±6.9 | 0.73 | |
| Gender | Male | 10 (32.3%) | 12 (36.4) | 0.85 |
| Female | 20 (67.7) | 21 (61.6) | ||
Educational level | Less than high school | 8 (25.8%) | 9 (27.3%) | 0.92 |
| High school diploma | 16 (51.6%) | 15 (45.4%) | ||
| University degree | 7 (22.6%) | 9 (27.3%) | ||
| Marital Status | Single | 7 (23.6%) | 7 (22.3%) | 0.73 |
| Married | 24 (77.4%) | 26 (78.7%) | ||
Occupation | Unemployed | 4 (12.9%) | 6 (18.2%) |
0.73 |
| Homemaker | 14 (45.16%) | 16 (48.2%) | ||
| Employed | 11 (35.48%) | 9 (27.3%) | ||
| Retired | 2 (6.46%) | 2 (6.3%) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | Low | 19 (61.29%) | 21(63.63%) |
0.96 |
| Middle | 10 (32.26%) | 9 (27.3%) | ||
| High | 2 (6.45%) | 3 (9.07%) |
Table 2: Demographic Characteristics of Participants
Total Health Literacy
Prior to the intervention, total health literacy scores were comparable between the two groups (intervention: 87.45 ± 12.31; control: 86.78 ± 13.56; P = 0.14), indicating baseline homogeneity. However, following the intervention, the intervention group achieved a significantly higher mean score (103.13 ± 13.43) compared to the control group (89.12 ± 14.74; P < 0.05). The results of the independent t-test confirmed that the difference in total health literacy scores between the two groups became statistically significant after the intervention (Table 3).
| Time Point | Intervention (Mean ± SD) | Control (Mean ± SD) | P-value |
| Pre-Intervention | 87.45 ± 12.31 | 86.78 ± 13.56 | 0.14 |
| Post-Intervention | 103.13 ± 13.43 | 89.12 ± 14.74 | <0> |
Table 3: Total Health Literacy Scores
Health Literacy Domains
For the purpose of between-group comparison, the results of the independent t-test revealed no statistically significant difference in the mean score of the healthcare dimension of health literacy between the two groups of middle-aged participants prior to the intervention, indicating baseline homogeneity. Following the intervention, the mean score of this dimension was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group. The independent t-test further confirmed a statistically significant difference between the groups in the post-intervention phase (P = 0.001). The results related to the other dimensions of health literacy are presented in Table 4.
| Domain | Group | Pre- Int | Post- Int | P-value |
| Healthcare | Intervention | 31.94±7.31 | 41.37 ± 7.62 | 0.001 |
| Control | 32.34±7.68 | 33.76 ± 6.31 | 0.48 | |
| Disease Prevention | Intervention | 24.21±5.28 | 26.19±5.32 | 0.14 |
| Control | 23.96 ± 5.31 | 24.78 ± 6.11 | 0.38 | |
| Health Promotion | Intervention | 27.97±7.73 | 35.87 ± 6.63 | 0.001 |
| Control | 28.41±8.07 | 30.78 ± 7.74 | 0.19 |
Table 4: Health Literacy Domains
Demographic Influences
Two-way ANOVA showed no confounding effects from age (P=0.54), gender (P=0.67), or education (P=0.39), occupation (P=041), marital status (P=0.37) and socioeconomic status (P=0.51).
This study demonstrates that a CBPR intervention significantly improved colorectal cancer health literacy among middle-aged adults in Mashhad, particularly in the healthcare and health promotion domains. The improvement in healthcare literacy aligns with Lin et al. (2019), who found CBPR effective in enhancing access to health services [12]. The use of tailored workshops and counseling likely empowered participants to navigate screening and treatment options, supported by culturally relevant materials developed with community input [17]. The engagement of trained community health workers fostered trust, a key factor in CBPR success [11].
The lack of improvement in the disease prevention domain, unlike Li et al.’s (2020) 6-month study, may stem from multiple factors [18]. The 5-week duration may have been too brief to change behaviors like screening adherence or dietary habits, which require sustained effort [19]. Additionally, the HLS-EU questionnaire may not fully capture nuanced preventive behaviors, as some items focus on general health rather than cancer-specific actions [1]. Cultural barriers, such as stigma around colorectal cancer screening in Iran, or logistical issues, like limited screening access, may have further hindered progress [4]. Future studies could use cancer-specific tools or extend intervention periods to address these challenges.
The health promotion domain’s improvement, consistent with Avery et al, reflects CBPR’s strength in enhancing self-efficacy [20]. Community-driven sessions likely motivated participants to adopt healthier lifestyles and advocate for health, creating potential community-wide benefits [13]. This aligns with CBPR interventions in other LMICs, such as India, where community engagement improved cancer screening uptake [21].
In Iran, contextual factors like healthcare infrastructure and cultural attitudes toward cancer screening significantly influence health literacy interventions. Stigma and low awareness often deter screening, particularly among men, while urban-rural disparities limit access to services [22]. This study’s urban setting may have facilitated access to resources, but rural populations may face greater barriers, necessitating tailored CBPR approaches. Addressing these factors requires integrating community leaders and leveraging digital platforms to overcome logistical constraints.
Globally, this study contributes to the growing evidence on CBPR in LMICs, where resource constraints demand innovative approaches [23]. Unlike high-income countries with established screening programs, Iran’s healthcare system benefits from CBPR’s low-cost, community-driven model. Future research should compare CBPR with other interventions and assess long-term outcomes like screening rates.
The study has several limitations. The 5-week duration may have limited behavioral changes, particularly in disease prevention. The urban setting and voluntary participation may introduce selection bias, potentially overestimating effects among motivated participants. Socioeconomic factors, not fully explored, could influence outcomes, as lower-income individuals may face greater barriers to screening access. The HLS-EU’s general focus may have reduced sensitivity to colorectal cancer-specific literacy. Generalizability to rural or less educated populations is uncertain due to Mashhad’s urban context. Long-term follow-up was not conducted, limiting insights into sustained impacts. Future studies should extend durations, use targeted tools, and include diverse populations to address these issues.
The CBPR intervention significantly improved colorectal cancer health literacy in healthcare and health promotion domains, offering a scalable, low-cost model for Iran’s healthcare system. The lack of impact on disease prevention highlights the need for longer interventions and cancer-specific tools. Future research should address cultural and logistical barriers and assess long-term outcomes to enhance CBPR’s effectiveness in LMICs.
The authors express their gratitude to all clients and healthcare workers at the Comprehensive Health Service Center. This article is derived from a Master's thesis in Community Health Nursing, conducted with the support of the Research Deputy of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest and have contributed equally to the writing of the manuscript.
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My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
