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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/org/10.2018/1.10001.
*Corresponding Author: Dzhamal Z Mutagirov, Department of Political Sciences, Professor of International Political Process, St. Petersburg State University, Russia.Russia.Email: [email protected]
Citation: Dzhamal Z Mutagirov. Democracy and its real state in the modern world. J.Journalism and Intellectual Property, doi.org/10.2018/1.10001.
Copyright: © Citation: Dzhamal Z Mutagirov. Democracy and its real state in the modern world. J.Journalism and Intellectual Property, doi.org/10.2018/1.10001.
Received: 29 March 2018 | Accepted: 03 April 2018 | Published: 10 April 2018
Keywords: people, society, humankind, life, institutions, the State, service, social order, democracy, the will of the people
Hardly one can find today people, with the exception of the dictators and their followers, who do not consider themselves be champions of democracy. Almost all of them agree with that democracy is the best form of organization of social life. But most of them associate democracy mainly with the State, with distribution and division of the State powers, thereby linking together the phenomenon and one of the main threats to it. What democracy actually is, and what to do to make it a reality for all peoples, societies and humankind as a whole? Traditionally responses to this question are trying to find in the forms of government and in methods of their improvement. The role of society (people), which is the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power, remains without due attention. This article seeks the objective role of a society and the State in a social life.
The study is conducted, applying the methods of content analysis of the written evidences about the forms of the organization of social life in different epochs, and comparison them with each other, as well as the rate of progress in different countries with various public systems, and guidance by a logic of the progress in general. Consistent adherence to them will help to apprehend the natural way to optimal organization of human life, and understand democracy as a natural norm of relationship between individuals and peoples in their daily life and stick to it.
2.1. Correlation of society and its institutions:
Life of the people as rational beings passes in a family, society and in the State. But traditionally human life somehow is binding mainly to the State, which is considering as the main subject of power and power relations. In reality, the public relations are regulated by different forms of power: economic, social, political, spiritual, etc.
Society is the first human institute [8] formed to solve collectively the life problems, impossible to solve individually [9]. To meet these objectives, it establishes a variety of services and invests them with respective competencies. The State is only one of these institutions.
Distribution and formal separation of powers are an objective necessity for any societies functioning, and not always it says of democracy in a society. Some elements and manifestations of democracy in various combinations, notably self-government as the main pivot of the entire system of democracy [10] have been existed always, and the most effective ones, had proved their vitality, became standards of living for many nations.
The degree of democracy is determined by the procedures and standards according to which the societies form and reform their official institutions, keep up their activity and by speed of elimination of the inevitable in these processes miscalculations and mistakes. That is, democracy is not only a form of government, but also an optimal rule of relationship among peoples in their daily life, passing in the family, workplace, society and in the entire universe.
The above-mentioned State centrist view absolutizes life only in the State and represents the latter as the principal source of power and determinant of all power relations. As a consequence of such miscalculations a dangerous substitution of the phenomena occurs: the servant elevates up to a master, the real master lowers down to the status of a ward, and the head of the administration elevates up to the supreme sovereign. This is especially dangerous when the head of the administration falsely perceives his true role in public life. When the Russian politician Vladimir Putin, elected president in 2000, was asked at a press conference, ‘What is your attitude to the heads portraits placing in the offices?’ he without any hesitation answered: ‘It's OK, because the president is the State’s symbol’. The young President, a university-educated lawyer, ought to know that symbols of the State are its flag, anthem and coat of arms, and the President is only the temporary elected by the people head the State’s administration. The question of this kind: ‘How do you understand a civil society?’ was asked and Putin’s successor D. Medvedev. ‘Civil society is an essential element of any State’", he replied self-confidently, turning all upside down - not the State is one of the many thousands institutions of a society, but the society itself is one of the many attributes of the State! It ought to be clear that the fate of any society and country, led by people with such understanding of the things, may not be enviable.
Democracy presupposes not only rational institutionalization of public life, when each institution fulfills responsibly all delegated to it by society functions of, but the strict observance of the correlation of economic, social, political and spiritual powers. The theorists and practitioners of democracy required this, formulating the concepts of non-interference of the State in economic, social, and spiritual life of society, of the ‘weak’ or ‘limited’ State, the ‘State-manager’, etc.
However, the State, in contrast to economic, social and spiritual institutions of society, engaged in the solution of specific problems, tries to establish its powers’ monopoly not only in political sphere, but also in any other, as well as to manage all aspects of public life. Some scholars try even to justify such behavior, presenting it almost as an objective pattern: It possesses the fullness of the competence to deal with all aspects of social life [11]. In reality, the State has it no by virtue of objective necessity and no for the benefit of society, but only because, having a monopoly on force, it compels society to reckon with it, as with a reality. Society, its majority must understand the fallacy and harmfulness of such attitude and practice based on them. Many prominent thinkers disagree with the monopoly of the State to force. The Eastern States were ‘too strong’, and we must do everything in our power to avoid such situation, famous American Scientists J. Buchanan and H. Tullock consider. The State should have enough power to ‘keep the peace’, but not enough to satisfy the ambitious people’s temptation. To the State should never give sufficient force to prevent a truly popular uprising against it [3-6].
It is important to remember and assume again and again that the State is only one of many thousands institutions of civil society, each of which is designed to solve specific problems of this society. Such problems for the State are defense the society against external threats, protection of human rights and freedoms, and relations with other countries.
Political power is necessary for elaboration of and observance the rules of the national law. Each branch of this power has how would double level structure: constant power of society (people) and provisional credentials of the generated political institutions (legislative, executive and control). Unfortunately, in a real life, many societies and States ignore this division and all power credit only to political institutions, against which well-known intellectuals of modern times consistently opposed [6-12].
Since the State is a temporary institution and democracy is seeing as a form of the State, some people raise the question: does democracy have any future? [12] .We think that the issue is caused by incorrect judgments about democracy as the form of a statehood only. Democracy, like many other phenomena of social life, is objective and permanent. Because of the conflicting nature of the people themselves, some difficulties raise on its way occasionally. It is possible to slow the processes of its establishment and extension, but suspend them forever is impossible. They will be renewed again and again, each time with new content and at a higher level of purity. Economic and social progress, fed by education and enlightenment, are the natural engine of democracy. The higher their degree, the higher will be the degree people’s freedom, the progress of society as a whole and the greater democracy.
The English historian of law J. Austin considered democracy as the government’s form, consisting of a relatively large fraction of the nation. "It means, in fact, form of government, that is, any government in which the ruling body consists of a relatively large fraction of the whole nation", he wrote. But what does a ‘broad’ faction mean? Broad compared with to the monarchy, ‘three-or-duumvirate’, or we are talking about most part of the nation? The Sociologist M. Sumner paid an attention to the vagueness of the terms ‘fraction’, ‘few’ and ‘many’. In his opinion, only monarchy, i.e. the power of one person, who decides individually, and all obey him, is concrete. He himself understood the republic as ‘overturned monarchy’ [25].
Since society consists of many strata, each of which has its own name, the dominance of any of them determines a particular type or mode of social order. Political power may temporarily be controlled also by regional groups of different levels, bearing in mind the practice of appointing of the friends and countrymen of the first persons to important public office.
Democracy was and remains the best, most desirable for the vast majority of society and at the same time, the most mysterious and less certain on its contours phenomena. This uncertainty is the cause that some people praise and glorify it, attributing to it all imaginable and unimaginable dignity, and others persuasively scold, criticize, ridicule, equally persuasively associating with it all imaginable and unimaginable evils. The nature and criteria of democracy are often silenced, limiting to a description of the external manifestations of political power and power relations, or attributing democracy to institutions, which by definition are not and cannot be democratic. So, the author of the well-known in his time work ‘Democracy and Liberty’, Lecky seriously wrote on two institutions of democracy in the Middle ages: on the Church and the guilds, whose members were considered equal among themselves [15].
Indeed, it is permissible to speak of faith as an institution, supposing an equal treatment of all believers to whom they consider their "Creator", although there is no place for democracy. It is, repeating the words of T. Jefferson, relationship between man and his creator, if one accepts the existence of such. Only at the dawn the religions formation, their adherents, sincerely believing and calling each other "brothers and sisters", elected their pastors. After the recognition of a religion by the State the Church had converted into a purely authoritarian and dogmatic institution. Not coincidentally, one of the "founding fathers" of the United States and the second President John Adams named the Church one of the bulwarks of tyranny [16]. The practice of some countries confirms that assessment. So, the Russian Orthodox Church, supported by the State authorities, resolutely condemns the human rights and freedoms, democracy and the rule of law, ignorantly declaring them sources of immorality and permissiveness.
Democracy is a social order established by free people, which expresses the true interests of their absolute majority; This is the power of free, equal, socio-politically and economically active people, serving the people, considering as the main value, and implemented by them. Democracy is many-sided and is realized differently in various spheres of public life and can exist simultaneously both socio-economic, political, national, spiritual, and even international or universal [17].
2. 2. What is a power, and who are the people?
Almost two and a half millennia after the first estimates of democracy there were thousands of definitions of both the power and the people. Unfortunately, many of them not yet solve the issues, because a focus is done predominantly on the political dimension of the problem - power as an ability to coercion.
Undoubtedly, coercion is an important moment of any power. But coercion to what for, how and why? Thoughtful reflections on life persuade that the power may also manifest itself without any visible coercion - by necessity and appropriateness of what life offers or dictates. The power of nature, the power of circumstances, of a glamour, beauty, love, friendship, solidarity, enmities, examples, etc. play in human life a huge role. They can encourage and motivate people to commit those or other actions on their own initiative, voluntarily, without any coercion. Thus, the power is the ability not so much to coercion, but to motivation. The society’s goals specificity suggests that the power institutions should be very flexible, dynamic, changeable and to be able to both expand and shrink, depending on the circumstances and tasks. Anyway, such is how the society wants to see established by it institute. But the State authorities, like the biblical Leviathan, know no limits of permissible and reasonable. Its greed and cruelty have no boundaries.
Power gives its officials not only renowned authority, but also the right to compel members of society to execute of those or other functions, to dispose of one or another share of public wealth, choose the ways and determine the solutions’ methods of the arising in the society, region, and area problems. It is supposed that this is done in the name of the common good and that people with power, will do all the best for the society. Democracy is a form of power, guaranteeing this way of actions. However, the power to command and control, to coercion others to commit those or other acts may be used for personal gain as well. Connected with the authority possibilities to tower over others, command them, as well as to get rich quickly turns it into an arena of severe competition.
Because of these and a number of other circumstances, the State ceases to serve the community, willfully extending even after diminution of the possible threats and risk for the society’s life. The Russian Federation demonstrates striking example this judgment’s faithfulness. So, for 18 years after the collapse of the USSR (1992 - 2010), elimination of public property, organized and administered by the State, and multiple cutting its social obligations to the citizens, the apparatus of the State power and administration, instead of the expected shrinking, increased by 70% [19]. The trend is continuing up to now, reaching even the spheres of education and science.
Possible threats to society, and to the lives of its members is the main factor determining the existence of the State. If there are no real threats, the State must shrink, but it is not happening because it continually invents some artificial threats, non-existent enemies to expand and grow. The State alienated from its society is able to turn from a public institution for the protection of human rights into the main source of threat to its creator. Such metamorphoses are quite often observed in life of the disordered and badly managing societies. In the well-organized societies, every individual and every group of people are engaged in the affairs, which they can effectively accomplish: the absolute majority of their members are involved in the production of material and spiritual values and delivering them to the consumers, about one to two per cent of the working age members – in administrative processes, providing constitutional order and protecting society from possible threats.
When no common good but personal gain becomes the purpose of power, some functions, particularly of the employees of non-industrial areas, substitute. Heads of executive power of the States deal with public funds as their own. Police officers in pursuit of personal benefit can conduct deals with criminals, turning them from law enforcers into the most dangerous offenders, to identify of which new units are required to establish in structures of those bodies (at the expense of all society). Servicemen to combat the drug trade turn the legally confiscated drugs of some criminals into their own revenues source, distributing them under the guise of their status, among others.
Researchers of socio-political relations often had compared members of societies and citizens of the States with angels and devils. Surely, a certain amount of exaggeration happens here. Man as a member of society, having obtained the status of the citizen, logically should overtop, become more optimistic, confident in his security and, consequently, more perfect social and moral being. It would be more exact to compare a society and its State with the creator and one of his creations, or speaking by the language of the Bible, with God and rebelled against him Satan. Society, functioning mainly according to the laws of nature, always resists against such unnatural claims one of its services and will return it to its fitting place. Democracy is an optimal condition for the harmonious functioning of all institutions of society and the best way to manage all social processes with permanent control of the established institutions, and to prevent any possible risks for society and its members.
Unnatural state of the relations between society and the State is determined primarily by the fact that for millennia the nature and direction of social development were defined not by societies and their members, but by the States and their institutions. Almost everything in society had been assessed, and often until now is assessed only from the State and ruling circles’ positions. On the State and its functionaries used to say almost with aspirated voice and raising eyes to heaven. Even democracy is often understood only as a form of the State power. Social, economic and spiritual power as would be disappearing, even researchers of power relations ceased to see any significant differences between them. In fact, democracy is multidimensional and multifaceted phenomena, penetrating all aspects of life of the human communities. Everywhere, where there is some power, there are its participants and implementers, as well as the modalities for its implementation. Democracy everywhere means free and equal participation of all members of society, or at least their majority in determination of the objectives, as well as in searching the ways for their achieving. It has been existed and exists in all societies but in different forms, manifestations and scopes: as germs or certain moments or elements of processes addressing the common problems, as links and even entire institutions. It is gradually widening, but full democracy exists nowhere in the modern world [18].
Presumably, direct democracy was the initial form the social problems’ solving. Then it gave way to elite or dominant groups in society, the share of which has always been limited. This is the so-called elitist democracy [20]. There is also false democracy: Board of a narrow clique or single person makes decisions formally ‘approved’ by episodic national plebiscite, however, without direct participation of the people in decision-making processes. They are permitted to say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ to the decisions of the ruling clique, while only forged ‘Yes’ is accepted [18].
Rational combination of direct and representative democracy when direct democracy governs on local levels and representative – on regional and national ones should be considered the best. This requires very active participation of civil society the in monitoring all socio-political processes. And when society is not convinced that its representatives adopted the right decision, the matter shall be submitted to a national referendum - higher form of direct democracy.
Some political scientists differ also such form of ‘democracy’ as totalitarian, characterized by an absolute dictatorship of the leader under the guise of democracy. This model is based on the assumption that only the leader has political wisdom and is able to express the true interests of all people. Actually neither authoritarianism nor totalitarianism, embedded with the personality of the individual, have nothing common with democracy.
Democracy, as well as freedom and justice is an ideal to which humankind tirelessly aspires throughout history. As befits any ideal, it does not exist and, most likely, never will exist in perfect form. We can only talk about different degrees of democracy, as well as of societies where elements of democracy exist only at the families and local communities’ levels. Consequently, democracy, as well as a cleanness of the air and water, a degree of the beauty of nature or human being, brightness of the light or collars, etc. are relative. Degrees of democracy, as of purity (beauty, brightness) are numerous and differ from each other. Probably the water and air were absolutely clean before origin of the animal world.
So is democracy. It was a natural state of the primary societies functioning at the dawn of their origin and gradually became ‘turbid’ with increasing people’s socio-economic disparities and inequality, differentiation of society into layers and classes, restrictions, and then with suppress the individual ‘s freedom. And now there is more democracy in public life, family and labour relations among people as members of society, as well as in addressing social and spiritual issues of common interest.
Understanding of democracy and an attitude to it often depend on specific situations and actions perpetrating under its flag. So, in the first democratic country of the New times - United States, - its Constitution affirms and defends the republican form of government, different from both the monarchy and, according to some members of the Constitutional Convent, democracy. Under the influence of insurrections and rebellions of the masses in the young republic, democracy had been initially personified mostly with the power of the masses (the crowd) [22]. Only by the end of the fifth decade of the United States, democracy had understood here as an ideal to which they had to strive.
Fully concurring with the view of theorists of democracy that "not only that government is tyrannical, which manages tyrannically, but all governments, not having in their constitutions sufficient protection against arbitrary power of their Princes, are tyrannical"[23], Americans have provided various guarantees for probable abuse of authority. They have determined not only the authorities of each branch of their government, but also what it is forbidden them to do. It is a pity, this was not done in the constitutions of many emerged later republics, which installed only authorities without any restrictions and prohibitions.
One of the most important synthetic benchmarks of democracy is the extent to which each member of society and the citizen of the State individually and all together are free in their actions, can practically solve their life problems at the individual level and to participate freely in administration of the affairs of their society. This is a direct result of the degree of freedom of the society and its members.
2. 3. Majorities’ rule as the soul of democracy.
We are talking about relativity of democracy and that this has its own objective causes. What are they? First of all, every individual is unique. For this cause, every society and nation are differentiating to thousands or millions of groups of people with their interests, goals, visions of social problems and ways to their solutions, as well as with a resulting from all them behavior. Taking part in public life, they will pursue different, sometimes opposing each other goals, stick to different views and opinions, have different social and political orientations. Therefore, full unity of such society is impossible and incomprehensible; it has always been, is and will be very relative. But what ‘public good’, which, according to all theorists of democracy, should be the main goal of all democratic institutions of society, means? How to determine a strategy for social development, as well as the ways and means for its implementation? Which of many possible directions and options of development can be considered having a priority and most responding to the interests of society? The theorists of different eras had given different and often conflicting answers to these questions.
Modern democracy is based on the ‘law of the majority’. Aristotle was the first who had written about [24], and T. Jefferson had theoretically substantiated it . But here, naturally, a number of lawful questions arises inevitably: why not consensus or unanimity, but majority and why the citizens, who found themselves in minority, must obey the ‘laws’, to which they did not give their consent? The majority of whom and what, and how to define it: according to power, wealth, and influence in a society, knowledge and abilities, etc.?
Undoubtedly, unanimity is the most complete embodiment of democracy and the best option for solving social problems, but unfortunately, it is unattainable in the scale of society. What is perceived by some people as legitimate and natural, to others may seem unnatural and illogical. There are problems that affect equally the interests of all people, but have many ways of their solving [25]. People will inevitably diverge in selecting the best ways. Whose choice should be given preference to?
If we are talking about some moments of personal lives, solved by each individually, for example, how much and when to eat, sleep, etc., the discretion of the individual must be decisive. If the problem is of universal importance and any decision may affect the interests of many people (use of natural resources, environmental impact; behavior in society, etc.), the right to determine the optimal solutions belongs to the entire community, but again, for the aforementioned reasons, to its absolute majority. Full democracy can exist only when there is consensus in society. Power and consent only of the majority is incomplete democracy, and, respectively, some restriction the minority’s rights. This is a limited democracy. Well-known English jurist of the 18th century William Blackstone, like many of his predecessors, called democracy a social order where sovereignty belongs to the Assembly, composed of all free citizens of the community. A system where power is vested in the Council, composed of selected members of the community, he called aristocracy. Parliament, whose members are elected by majority of the voters and made its decisions by a majority of the elected, also are aristocratic [26]. It is appropriate to notice that the functionaries in the so-called democratic republics call themselves ‘elite’, recognizing that these republics are really ‘elitist’.
People with different amounts of knowledge, degrees of wisdom, wealth, physical strength and health participate in public processes. Recognition of the freedom and equality of all people as members of society, regardless of what and how much they own, should be the first step to democracy. It is known that T. Jefferson understood the republic as a governance of the citizens themselves in masse, acting directly and personally in accordance with the rules established by the majority of these same citizens, as the State where the citizens themselves personally solve all tasks in which they are competent .
A content of the notion ‘majority’s rule’ is perverted now almost everywhere. It is taken into account only voting people’s majority. In some countries, even ‘general elections’ are considered valid regardless of the share of voters. With the democratization of societies and recognition of human rights naturally arose some doubts about the democracy of the situation where the ‘relative majority’ can ‘impose its will on the minority’, which is actually the absolute majority (those who expressed their disagreement with one or another rule of life plus the absentees from voting). What to do in this case with the lawful rights of the ‘minority’ and its members to express their views, to self-determination, with the right to act autonomously, defend their legitimate interests, etc.?
At present, almost no head of the State and government in the world and none of the ruling parties is supported by the constitutional majority of the citizens. In this regard, some lawyers and political scientists suggest even to revise the content of the concept ‘people’. In their view, ‘the people’ as a political concept is used primarily in order to appeal to the rights recognized in the State, and therefore becomes moot. Therefore, they propose do not consider ‘people’ as all citizens of the State because it would mean that any person should have full political rights [27]. The opinion is both erroneous and very dangerous.
‘Majority’s rule’ does not reject the minority’s opinion, since democracy presupposes the respect for every human being, considering as the highest value. In addition, it regulates not all aspects of human life, but only problems of the public and State life affecting the interests of all members of society. In personal life of people flowing in harmony with the norms of public morality, each individual himself acts as it legislator, architect, manager and a judge. However, in social and public life at the moment the majorities will has priority. The head of State is elected by majority of voters, the head of the government - by a majority of parliamentarians. Preference is given to the option of solving the common to all citizens’ tasks, which was approved by a majority of the parliamentarians or members of the Assembly. Only a majority of all citizens, having the right to vote or of the members of the group, whose interests the institute expresses, should be a norm of legitimacy. Minority, of course, reserves the right to prove their rightness and prioritize their opinions, to promote them and attract citizens to their side, to demand to put their proposals to the people’ referendum, etc.
It is a regularity that will or an opinion shared by a minority at the moment may become tomorrow such of the majority and become a law for society, and current majority may become a minority. This happens by freely expressed will on a truly democratic election, rather than through the State administrative apparatus and all sorts of garbling. It is necessary to be aware of the important principle of democracy: not people rule, but the law being an expression of the true will of the people. And the will of the people is variable depending on the altering circumstances of life and new conditions.
The main democratic right of the people is the right to control the activities of their officials, H. M. Sumner wrote. Public opinion, which means as censorship, and praise, acts as motivating force in democratic societies. The people’s right to control over activities of their representatives and the right to withdraw them in the case of fraud, are often frustrated by illegitimate efforts of these representatives. This is done by replacing the electivity by nomination, and by usurpation by several political parties the right to nominate candidates for the role of the State functionaries, which leads to full exclusion of the citizens from political processes. At the same time, ‘majority’s rule’ cannot work in absence of the obligatory suffrage.
3. The criteria of democracy and rules of harmonization of the relations between society and its institutions.
Democracy has clear criteria; their number is numerous. The most obvious and indisputable ones are:
Only taking together, these criteria provide democracy as a spirit of social relations, characterized by rationality, freedom and equality of all participants, maximally favor to life, creativity, and also to the aspirations of all members of society to happiness. In the political sphere, this is the power formed by people, responsible for all its actions before the people and serves the people, that is, ‘rule of the people, for the people and by the people’. The absence of even one of these criteria makes life less democratic.
Fundamentals of administrative culture, we had written about [29] are determined by existing in the country social system, which can be as absolutist, authoritarian, repressive, so democratic. Any social system tries to appear both before own people and the world as a true democratic, sincerely serving its country and people. Real nature of a social system is determined not by what its epigones say and write, but what are the principles and norms of its function.
Full and comprehensive democracy exists in no country in the world, and its incompleteness, manifested in some countries, repeats also in the others. It occurs not because such is the nature of democracy, but because in all countries, there are similar groups and layers of people: oligarchs, criminals, officials of different ranks, ordinary people living by their own labour. Each of these groups, regardless of their residence, behave them identically. The oligarchs, like the piranhas in rivers, are leading a predatory lifestyle, part of the bureaucracy and the police tended to live as parasites on the body of society, sucking from it the vital energy. And ordinary people are working like bees to produce material and spiritual values, which often are alienating from them under the guise of ‘laws’, fabricating by so called ‘people’s representatives’. To democratize the life in all countries and to remove these negative phenomena, it is necessary to change the rules for their functioning such a way, that the tycoons could not prey and officialdom and their ilk – not misappropriate the fruits of labor the creative part of the people.
Adherents of the authoritarian power are trying to justify their attempts to dominate over society and the lack of democracy in their countries, claiming that, ‘the demos with his identity is not the proper one’, and ‘enemies are pressing', etc., as well as complaining about the weakness of the culture of political participation. They say, "the citizens have an opportunity to participate, but do not participate" [30]. But such defenders of the authoritarian order ‘forget’ or do not dare to admit that inefficiency the State itself and its institutions’ activities, and often their anti-national orientation had done and are doing everything to alienate the people from political life. Modern educated and enlightened societies should reformat the structure and powers of their institutions, limiting the Leviathan’s authority in favor of objectively necessary and truly humanistic ones.
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As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
