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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/308
1Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat, India.
2Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria.
3College of Agriculture and Technology, Northwest Samar State University, Philippines.
*Corresponding Author: Alagbe John Olujimi, Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat, India.
Citation: Alagbe J. Olujimi, Daniel N. Anorue, Karimat I. Aliyu and Sance Secondez, (2025), Investigating the Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata Leaf Essential oil on the Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Nutrient retention, Intestinal Microbial Population and Sensory Evaluation of Japanese Quails, J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 8(5); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/308
Copyright: © 2025, Alagbe John Olujimi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 28 March 2025 | Accepted: 11 April 2025 | Published: 15 April 2025
Keywords: antimicrobials; growth; carcass; nutrient; retention; phytochemicals; quails
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient retention, intestinal microbial population and sensory evaluation of Japanese quails. 500- two weeks old Japanese quails (mixed sex) were randomly distributed into five treatment groups and each treatment had five replicates (20 birds per replicate). The duration of the experiment was 35 days and a completely randomized design was adopted. Quails in group A received standard diet (corn-soybean based diet) with Oxytetracycline at 15 g per kg diet, treatment B (standard diet with 5 mL Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil), treatment C, D and E were fed standard diet supplemented with Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil at 10 mL, 15 mL and 20 mL respectively. Birds had unrestricted access to feed and fresh water. Final body weight, feed conversion ratio and feed consumption improved in birds fed Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil in group: B, C, D and E compared to group A (p˂0.05). Dressing percentage (60.89 - 76.02 %) and carcass weight (109.0 - 199.6 g) were influenced (p˂0.05) except for the weights of shank, neck, breast, back, head, drumstick, thigh, wing and abdominal fat (p˃0.05). Crude protein, crude fibre, ash, ether extract and nitrogen free extract retention were higher among birds in group B, C, D and E compared to A (p˂0.05). Microbial population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus spp were higher among birds in group A than other treatments whereas Lactobacillus spp were higher among birds in group B, C, D, E and lowest in group A (p˂0.05). Juiciness, colour, tenderness, flavor and overall acceptability of meat samples were also affected. It was concluded that Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil has abundant concentrations of phyto-components or bioactive compounds which are effective, chemical free and can be supplemented up to 20 mL per kg in the diet of quails without negatively affecting their general performance.
Reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance is an urgent priority as livestock producers around the globe strive to feed a growing population in a more sustainable way and safe guard the animal protein industry (Alagbe et al., 2025). The use of medicinal plant have been reported has been reported as one of the potential alternatives to antibiotics because they are non-toxic, eco-friendly and has no withdrawal period (Oluwafemi et al., 2022). Essential oils can be found on the leaves, seeds, roots, buds, flowers and have been reported to possess several therapeutic properties (Omokore and Alagbe, 2019) and can contribute to animals performance and maintaining their health status when supplemented in their feed (Shittu et al., 2023; Alagbe, 2025). Therefore, essential oils are excellent alternative to avoid the use of antibiotics (John, 2024a).
Rytigynia umbellulata are flowering plants that belongs to the family Rubiaceae. It consist of over 10,000 species widely distributed in Africa and most parts of Asia including India (Raaman, 2006). The plant is known to have a characteristic feature of whorled leaves with interpetiolar stipules while the flowers are sympetalous actinomorphic in nature (Ikechukwu et al., 2023). Rytigynia umbellulata is a potent medicinal plant and its ethno-medicinal usage includes the treatment of pyrexia (fever), malaria, diarrhea, sexually transmitted infections and dermatological infections and inflammatory reactions (Ojah et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2018). The leaf extract has been known to have anti-fertility, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, gastro-protective, immune-stimulatory, cytotoxic, anti-cancer, antibacterial, hepato-protective and antioxidant effect (Rahman et al., 2013; Basumatary et al., 2016). The extracts from the leaves can also be used to preserve the shelf life of food items while the flowers are used as dyes for fabrics (Silva et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2018)
Essential oils from Rytigynia umbellulata exhibited good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria (Bremei et al., 2009; Moronkola and Faruq, 2013). The major components of Rytigynia umbellulata oil are saturated hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, phytol and monoterpenes: α-pinene, α-Copaene, Caryophyllene, α-Ionone, β-Ionone, Rulepidadiene B and α-Gurjenene (Saleh et al., 2010; Tiwari et al., 2011), which possess strong antimicrobial activity by the disruption of bacteria cell membrane (Alagbe et al., 2025; Gul et al., 2017). The plant also contains various secondary metabolites including, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and coumarins (Proestos et al., 2013; Galego et al., 2008).
Previous studies have shown that essential oils has positive effect on the general performance of birds, for instance, Denli et al. (2004) reported that dietary supplementation essential oils from thyme (Thymus vulgaris), black seed (Nigella sativa) at 60 mg can improve the growth performance of quails. Gul et al. (2019); Alagbe (2023), also reported that oregano and Prosopis africana essential oil supplementation in the diet of quails at 600 mg can inhibit the activities of pathogenic organism in the gut and modulate the fatty acid composition in the meat of broiler chicken. However, there is scanty information on the dietary supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata on the performance of Japanese quails. This experiment will help to establish a safe optimal level for birds and also access the possibility of using the oil as a potential alternative to antibiotics. The outcome can be used to promote livestock sustainability and safety of food.
Description of experimental site
The Poultry section at Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat India located at 7°25' N and 5°19' E with average annual temperature and annual rainfall of 25.3°C and 1455 mm, respectively was used for the study. The experiment was done following the research ethics and guidelines of Animal management department of the Institute with reference number (THU/08/2024) and the duration of the research was 35 days.
Management of experimental birds, diet and design
500- two weeks old Japanese quails (mixed sex) were used for the experiment. Before the arrival of birds, battery cages were properly disinfected, plastic feeders and drinkers were washed. Birds were transferred to the Poultry unit of Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat very early in the morning. Upon arrival, quails were unboxed and the average initial body weight was recorded using a digital sensitive scale before it was randomly distributed into five treatment groups and each treatment had five replicates (20 birds per replicate). Strexia plus WSP (anti-stress) with vitamins (1:1) was added to water and served to birds. Standard diet (Corn-soya based) was formulated according to the requirement for bird’s recommended by Nutritional Research Council (1994). Cages were properly labeled and illuminated with 100 W bulb at night to supply heat as well as continuous feed consumption. Birds were given 2 weeks acclimatization period before introducing the test ingredient. Birds in treatment A received standard diet with Oxytetracycline at 15 g per kg diet, treatment B (Standard diet with 5 mLRytigynia umbellulata essential oil), treatment C, D and E were fed Standard diet supplemented with Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil at 10 mL, 15 mL and 20 mL respectively. A completely randomized design model was adopted cleaning of drinkers and feeders was done every morning and birds were fed thrice daily (7:00 H, 12:00 H and 17:00 H). Feed offered to birds in each replicate was weighed daily while the weight of the remnant was also recorded. Total feed consumed was estimated by subtracting the left over from the initial feed offered. Average body weight gain was calculated as the difference between final body weight and initial body weight of birds (g). Average daily weight gain was computed by dividing the average body weight gain by 35 days. Average daily feed intake or consumption = Total feed consumption divided by 35 days. Feed conversion ratio was calculated by dividing the average daily feed consumed divided by average daily weight gain.
Sourcing of Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil
Essential oil from Rytigynia umbellulata leaf which had previously been extracted through steam distillation (as stated on the label) was purchased from Singh Pharmaceutical Company in Gujarat, India. 25 mL of the purchased oil was sent to the laboratory for the analysis of bioactive compounds. Analysis was carried out using Gallium GC/MS (Model T8900C-09D, China) set at an oven temperature of 60 ℃, with 2 minutes initial hold, and then to 300℃ at 3 ℃ /min, with final hold time of 10 minutes; helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The components of the essential oil were identified on the basis of their retention indices. Identification was carried out by comparison of their mass spectra with reference compounds from the Library of National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST, 2011) database.
Carcass evaluation
At the end of the trial (35 days), 3 quails (one male and one female) were randomly selected per replicate for carcass evaluation. Birds were feed starved for 12 hours prior to slaughter while water was provided. The birds were weighed and slaughtered by severing the jugular vein with a sharp knife. After evisceration, weights of carcass were recorded and expressed in gram. Dressing percentage was calculated as: Carcass weight /live weight × 100
Intestinal microbial population estimation
For intestinal microbial estimation, 3 birds were randomly selected per replicate (same used for carcass evaluation). 2g of intestinal content was collected into a sterile labeled sample bottle, 2 drops of 1% peptone reagent was added and samples were taken to the laboratory to enumerate the population of microbes. Analysis was carried out using Spon automated microbial analyzer (Model VB008C, China). Kit was adjusted to according to the recommendation of the manufacturer to ensure accuracy in results.
Sensory evaluation
For sensory evaluation, 3 quails (one male and one female) were randomly selected per replicate (same used for carcass evaluation). Meat samples were collected from the breast region, labeled minced and cooked. Each meat samples were presented to a set of trained panelist to determine juiciness, colour, flavour, tenderness and overall acceptability. Each member rinsed his or her mouth with warm water after assessing each meat sample to avoid carry-over effect. Scores were awarded by the panelist using a nine point hedonic scale; (i) Dislike extremely (ii) Dislike very much (iii) Dislike moderately (iv) Dislike slightly (v) Intermediate (vi) Like slightly (vii) Like moderately (viii) Like very much (ix) and Like extremely
Nutrient retention trial
On the 35th day of the experiment, five birds were randomly selected per replicate for digestibility trial which was carried out for seven days, the first two days was used as an adjustment period, while the remaining five days was used to collect results. Selected quails were transferred to a labeled metabolic cage and each birds received a known quantity of feed. Droppings voided from each replicate was weighed and recorded. Wet droppings collected from each replicate was oven dried at 65 ℃ for 24 hours. Droppings from each replicate was bulked together and samples were sent to the laboratory for further analysis. Proximate components were determined according to AOAC (2000) procedure.
Nutrient retention of each parameters were computed using the formula:-
Nutrient retention = Nutrient intake – Nutrient output × 100
Nutrient intake
Data analysis
Data obtained were analyzed using General Linear Model procedures of Statistical Analysis System (SAS, version 9.1.3 of 2009). Differences in mean were computed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for multiple comparisons. Significance was determined at p < 0>
Experimental Results
| Ingredients | Content |
| Maize | 57.01 |
| Corn gluten meal | 4.82 |
| Soya bean meal | 30.4 |
| Fish meal | 2.52 |
| Di-calcium phosphate | 3.00 |
| Limestone | 1.00 |
| L-Lysine | 0.28 |
| DL-Methionine | 0.29 |
| Premix | 0.25 |
| Toxin binder | 0.02 |
| Sodium chloride | 0.35 |
| Total | 100.00 |
| Determined analysis (%) | |
| Crude protein | 22.85 |
| Crude fibre | 3.50 |
| Ether extract | 4.28 |
| Calcium | 1.21 |
| Phosphorus | 0.58 |
| Energy (MEkcal/kg) | 2944.5 |
Table 1: Ingredient and chemical composition of experimental diet
Vitamin and Mineral premix Each 2.5 kg consists of: Vit A 18,000, 000 IU; Vit D3, 4000, 000 IU; Vit. E. 20g; Vit k3 6 g; Vit B1, 2500 mg ; Vit B2, 100g ; Vit B6, 300 g; Vit B12, 50 mg; Pantothenic acid, 100 g; Niacin, 85 g , Folic acid , 1900 mg ; Biotin, 100 g; Choline Chloride, 660 mg, Fe, 60 g; Mn, 120 g; Cu, 3.7 g; Co, 250 mg; Si, 180 mg and Zn , 96 g
Major bioactive components in Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil (Table 2). The major bioactive compound includes; α-Selinene (33.10 %), β-Caryophyllene (15.66 %), D-Limonene (9.70 %), Cubenol (7.20 %), 2,6, 11- Trimethyldodecane (6.09 %), α-Himachalene (5.50 %), 1,8- Cineole (4.12 %), γ-Elemene (3.91 %), α-Pinene (2.64 %), α-Farnesene (2.95 %), β-Selinene (2.61 %), Isomethyl-α-ionol (2.19 %), 5-Octadecene (2.06 %) and Ethylhexadecanoate (2.00 %) in that order.
| Compounds | Reaction time (min) | Area (%) | |
| 1 | Cubenol | 3.37 | 7.20 |
| 2 | γ-Elemene | 4.56 | 3.91 |
| 3 | β-Caryophyllene | 4.85 | 15.66 |
| 4 | α-Farnesene | 4.90 | 2.95 |
| 5 | β-Selinene | 6.22 | 2.61 |
| 6 | 2,6, 11- Trimethyldodecane | 9.09 | 6.09 |
| 7 | 1,8- Cineole | 9.44 | 4.12 |
| 8 | D-Limonene | 10.35 | 9.70 |
| 9 | α-Pinene | 11.57 | 2.64 |
| 11 | α-Selinene | 13.09 | 33.10 |
| 12 | α-Himachalene | 14.55 | 5.50 |
| 13 | 5-Octadecene | 14.86 | 2.06 |
| 14 | Isomethyl-α-ionol | 15.81 | 2.19 |
| 15 | Ethylhexadecanoate | 16.67 | 2.00 |
Table 2: Major bioactive components in Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil
Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on the growth parameters of Japanese quails is presented in Table 3. Body weight gain was lower in treatment A (15 g Oxytetracycline per kg diet) [127.92 g/bird], treatment B (5 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet) [189.21 g/bird] than treatment C (10 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet) [218.83 g/bird], treatment D (15 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet) [221.9 g/bird] and treatment E (20 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet) [226.69 g/bird] (p˂0.05). Total feed consumption were higher in treatment E (980.7 g), treatment D (974.5 g), treatment C (970.2 g) and treatment B (938.1 g) than treatment A (890.0 g) (p˂0.05). Increase in the dietary supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil lead to a significant decrease in feed conversion (p˂0.05).
| Variables | A | B | C | D | E | SEM |
| Experimental duration (days) | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | - |
| Initial body weight (g/b) | 72.18 | 71.89 | 72.07 | 71.65 | 72.01 | 0.41 |
| Final body weight (g/b) | 200.1b | 261.1a | 290.9a | 293.6a | 298.7a | 1.73 |
| Body weight gain (g/b) | 127.92c | 189.21b | 218.83a | 221.95a | 226.69a | 1.60 |
| Average daily weight gain (g/b) | 3.65c | 5.40b | 6.25a | 6.34a | 6.47a | 0.06 |
| Total feed consumption (g/b) | 890.0b | 938.1a | 970.2a | 974.5a | 980.7a | 9.74 |
| Average daily feed consumption (g/b) | 25.43b | 26.80a | 27.72a | 27.84a | 28.02a | 0.18 |
| Feed conversion ratio | 6.95a | 4.95b | 4.43c | 4.39c | 4.38c | 0.01 |
Table 3: Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on the growth parameters of Japanese quails
Values followed by different letters were significantly different (p˂0.05); Group A: Standard diet with antibiotics (Oxytetracycline at 15g/kg diet); Group B: Standard diet with 5 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group C: Standard diet with 10 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group D: Standard diet with 15 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group E: Standard diet with20 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; SEM: standard error of mean
Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on the carcass parameters of Japanese quails is presented in Table 4. Data on carcass weight were higher among birds which received treatment E (199.6 g), treatment D (195.5 g), treatment C (192.3 g) than in treatment B (139.4 g) and treatment A (109.0 g). Dressing percentage were significantly influenced (p˂0.05) except for weights of shank, neck, breast, back, head, drum stick, thigh and abdominal fat (p˃0.05).
| Variables | A | B | C | D | E | SEM |
| Live weight (g) | 179.5c | 200.7b | 256.9a | 260.6 a | 266.5a | 2.08 |
| Carcass weight (g) | 109.0c | 139.4b | 192.3a | 195.5a | 199.6a | 1.91 |
| Dressing percentage | 60.89c | 69.22b | 75.00a | 75.01a | 76.02a | 0.57 |
| Head weight (g) | 5.01 | 5.21 | 5.28 | 5.33 | 5.36 | 0.01 |
| Wing weight (g) | 6.73 | 6.84 | 6.95 | 6.97 | 6.99 | 0.02 |
| Shank weight (g) | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1.95 | 1.97 | 1.99 | 0.02 |
| Neck weight (g) | 3.35 | 3.5 | 3.51 | 3.58 | 3.61 | 0.01 |
| Breast weight (g) | 30.1 | 30.38 | 30.41 | 30.53 | 30.56 | 0.21 |
| Back weight (g) | 20.83 | 22.84 | 22.89 | 22.96 | 22.98 | 0.16 |
| Drum stick (g) | 6.55 | 6.92 | 7.02 | 7.05 | 7.11 | 0.02 |
| Thigh weight (g) | 8.92 | 9.31 | 9.38 | 9.54 | 9.62 | 0.01 |
| Abdominal Fat (g) | 2.71 | 2.86 | 2.91 | 2.93 | 2.98 | 0.01 |
Table 4: Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on the carcass parameters of Japanese quails
Values followed by different letters were significantly different (p˂0.05); Group A: Standard diet with antibiotics (Oxytetracycline at 15g/kg diet); Group B: Standard diet with 5 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group C: Standard diet with 10 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group D: Standard diet with 15 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group E: Standard diet with 20 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; SEM: standard error of mean
Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on the nutrient retention of Japanese quails (Table 5). Crude protein values which varied from 71.07 - 87.84 %, ether extract (54.51 - 70.86 %), crude fibre (39.22 - 50.18 %), ash (34.12 to 49.11 %) and nitrogen free extract (59.56 to 77.76 %) was higher among birds fed treatment C, D and E, intermediate in treatment B and lower in treatment A (p˂0.05).
| Variables | A | B | C | D | E | SEM |
| Crude protein | 71.07 c | 80.71 b | 86.01 a | 87.64 a | 87.84 a | 2.63 |
| Ether extract | 54.51c | 62.08 b | 70.82 a | 70.85 a | 70.86 a | 2.00 |
| Crude fibre | 39.22 c | 44.17 b | 50.10 a | 50.12 a | 50.18 a | 1.81 |
| Ash | 34.12 c | 41.83 b | 48.84 a | 49.05 a | 49.11 a | 1.07 |
| Nitrogen free extract | 59.56 c | 69.94 b | 77.23 a | 77.62 a | 77.76 a | 2.11 |
Table 5: Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on the nutrient retention of Japanese quails
Values followed by different letters were significantly different (p˂0.05); Group A: Standard diet with antibiotics (Oxytetracycline at 15g/kg diet); Group B: Standard diet with 5 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group C: Standard diet with 10 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group D: Standard diet with 15 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group E: Standard diet with20 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; SEM: standard error of mean
Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on intestinal microflora of Japanese quails (Table 6). Microbial count of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which varied from 2.33 to 3.85 (Cfu/g), Staphylococcus aureus (1.41 - 2.77 Cfu/g), Bacillus subtilis (0.77 to 1.53 Cfu/g) and Enterococcus spp (0.51 - 2.95 Cfu/g) were higher among birds in treatment A than in treatment B, C, D and E (p˂0.05) whereas Lactobacillus spp (2.72 - 4.68 Cfu/g) in treatment B, C, D and E were comparable (p˃0.05) but significantly higher than treatment A (p˂0.05).
| Variables (Cfu/g) | A | B | C | D | E | SEM |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 3.85a | 2.73b | 2.51b | 2.42b | 2.33b | 0.04 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 2.77a | 1.84b | 1.72b | 1.66b | 1.41b | 0.02 |
| Bacillus subtilis | 1.53a | 0.91b | 0.85b | 0.81b | 0.77b | 0.01 |
| Enterococcus spp | 2.95a | 1.01b | 0.61b | 0.52b | 0.51b | 0.01 |
| Lactobacillus spp | 2.72b | 4.33a | 4.42a | 4.51a | 4.68a | 0.02 |
Table 6: Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on intestinal microflora of Japanese quails
Values followed by different letters were significantly different (p˂0.05); Group A: Standard diet with antibiotics (Oxytetracycline at 15g/kg diet); Group B: Standard diet with 5 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group C: Standard diet with 10 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group D: Standard diet with 15 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group E: Standard diet with 20 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; SEM: standard error of mean
Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on sensory evaluation of Japanese quails (Table 7). Juiceness, colour, tenderness, flavor and overall acceptability of meat from birds fed diet supplemented with Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil were comparable (p˃0.05) but significantly higher than those which received treatment A (p˂0.05)
| Variables | A | B | C | D | E | SEM |
| Juiciness | 5.50b | 6.13a | 6.27a | 6.31a | 6.37a | 0.03 |
| Colour | 5.02b | 5.34a | 6.00a | 6.10a | 6.12a | 0.01 |
| Tenderness | 5.25b | 6.00a | 6.10a | 6.25a | 6.40a | 0.02 |
| Flavor | 4.70b | 5.89a | 5.90a | 5.97a | 6.00a | 0.02 |
| Overall acceptability | 5.80b | 6.30a | 6.33a | 6.40a | 6.50a | 0.01 |
Table 7: Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil effect on sensory evaluation of Japanese quails
Values followed by different letters were significantly different (p˂0.05); Group A: Standard diet with antibiotics (Oxytetracycline at 15g/kg diet); Group B: Standard diet with 5 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group C: Standard diet with 10 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group D: Standard diet with 15 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; Group E: Standard diet with20 mL Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil per kg diet; SEM: standard error of mean
The presence of bioactive compounds suggests that Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil possess medicinal properties making them act as antioxidant, cytotoxic (Ojediran et al., 2024), antimicrobial (Zakariya et al., 2017), antifungal, anti-cancer, immune-modulatory (Adewale et al., 2021), hypoglycemia, anti-diabetic (Singh et al., 2022), antidiarrheal (Alagbe, 2022), hypocholesterolemia (Adeoye et al., 2018; Oluwafemi et al., 2021), hepatoprotective (Musa et al., 2020; Alagbe et al., 2022), hepato-stimulatory properties amongst others. Bioactive compounds or phyto-constituents are non-toxic, eco-friendly and has no withdrawal period (Alagbe, 2024). α -Pinene (2.64 %) result obtained in this study was lower than (3.88 %) reported by Ikechukwu et al. (2023); Maria et al. (2018). The disparity in this results can be attributed to geographical location, processing technique, age of plant as well as specie (John, 2024a). The high concentration of α-Selinene and β-Caryophyllene in Rytigynia umbellulata essential oil obtained in this study suggests that it is capable of scavenging free radicals, preventing cardio-vascular disease and inhibiting the activities of some pathogenic organism in the gastro-intestinal tract of birds (John, 2024b; Agubosi et al., 2022). D-Limonene and Cubenol is reported to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties (John, 2024c; Olajuyige et al., 2011). 2, 6, 11- trimethyldodecane, 5-Octadecene and ethylhexadecanoate have been suggested to possess cytotoxic, anti-mutagenic, antidiarrheal and anti-carcinogenic activities (Odozi et al., 2014; Aworinde et al., 2014).
The result observed in this study suggests that the increase in dietary supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil lead to a significant improvement in body weight gain compared to birds fed solely on antibiotics (treatment A), this improvement may be due to increased villi height absorptive surface area, activation of gastro intestinal enzymes and efficient transport of nutrients facilitated by the presence of bioactive substances in of Rytigynia umbellulata leaf essential oil (John, 2024c; Musa et al., 2020). Rytigynia umbellulata oil also possess a gastro-protective properties, protecting the intestinal mucosa from oxidative damage to give room for better absorption of nutrients which translates to a better body weight gain and improved feed conversion in birds (Adewale et al., 2021; Alagbe, 2024). The result obtained aligns with the report of Zacaria and Ampode (2021) when turmeric was supplemented in the diet of laying Japanese quails. Rytigynia umbellulata oil also have a good flavoring effect on the feed making it more palatable for birds, this explain the higher feed consumption recorded was recorded among birds which received treatment B, C, D and E. Outcome obtained is in consonance with the findings of Chongtham et al. (2015). The average
daily feed consumption range observed in this experiment 25.43 - 28.02 g/b was similar to the outcome of a study by Alagbe (2025) who discovered that average feed consumption of Japanese quails fed diet supplemented with Canarium parvum leaf essential oil varied from 24.12 - 29.00 g/b. This result was lower than those reported by John (2024d) when Megaphrynium macrostachyum leaves was supplemented in the diet of quails. The variation in results could be attributed to nature and concentration of phyto-constituents as well as level of supplementation (John, 2024e; Omokore and Alagbe, 2019).
In this experiment, carcass and dressing percentage were affected (p˂0.05) by the treatment. Quails fed diet supplemented with Rytigynia umbellulata oil (treatment B, C, D and E) were higher compared to those in treatment A. This result suggests that the presence of bioactive substance in Rytigynia umbellulata oil can positively influence the carcass yield of birds. However, weights of head, back, breast, shank, drumstick, wing and abdominal fat were not influenced (p˃0.05) suggesting that Rytigynia umbellulata oil had no adverse or toxic effect on these parts. This further proves that the birds were healthy. Dressing percentage range (60.89 - 76.02 %) recorded in this experiment was similar to the result of a study by Behnamifar et al. (2018) who recorded a dressing percentage (65.00 - 78.00 %) when chamomile, wild mint and oregano herbal extracts were fed to quails. Oloruntola et al. (2024) also recorded a non-significant difference in the relative weights of heart, lung, liver and spleen of broilers fed diet supplemented with mango leaf powder. Dietary supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata oil also help to improve feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility by increasing the absorptive surface in the gastrointestinal tract. This result further shows that Rytigynia umbellulata oil is more efficient compared to antibiotics. The result obtain is in agreement with the findings of Kichloo et al. (2023).
Microbial population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus spp decreased as the level of Rytigynia umbellulata oil increased across the group whereas there is rapid proliferation of Lactobacillus sp as the level of Rytigynia umbellulata oil increases compared to those in treatment A. The result obtained in this study suggests that Rytigynia umbellulata oil possess strong antimicrobial property of improving the birds gut integrity and inhibiting the colonization by pathogenic organisms such as; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus spp which are capable of reducing digestion, feed efficiency and causing mortality among birds. The presence of bioactive compounds in Rytigynia umbellulata oil helps in lowering the pH in the gut making it easy to eliminate potential pathogenic organisms (Alagbe et al., 2022). Result obtained is in consonance with the reports of Burt and Reniders (2003); Daniel et al. (2023) when papaya oil was supplemented in the diet of broiler chickens.
Sensory parameters (Juiciness, color, tenderness, flavor and overall acceptability) were higher in meat of quails fed treatment B, C, D and E compared to treatment A. This shows that aside the medicinal component in Rytigynia umbellulata oil, it also has some nutritional value (minerals, vitamins, amino acids, protein amongst others) capable of positively influencing meat qualities (Proestos et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2010). For instance, carotene or vitamin A can influence the myoglobin content of the meat (Maria, 2015; Fratianni et al., 2010). Texture of a meat depends on the maturity of the connective tissues and contractile state of the myofibrillar proteins (Gao et al., 2010; Henchion et al., 2014). The outcome in this experiment revealed that the dietary supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata oil could also improve the shelf life of animal product. Result obtained is in agreement with the report of Alagbe (2023) when Prosopis africana was supplemented in the diet of broiler chickens.
The dietary supplementation of Rytigynia umbellulata oil up to 20 mL per kg diet in this experiment showed positive results particularly in improving nutrient retention, exhibiting antimicrobial activity, enhancing feed intake, growth and rapid secretion of digestive enzymes in the gut. Sensory qualities were also enhanced compared to birds fed antibiotics. This results can be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in the oil.
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Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
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The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
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Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
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Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
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Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
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"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
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Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
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Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
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My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
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Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
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"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
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We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
