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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2642-9756/226
1Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi
2Department of GD Pharmaceutical Inc OPJS University Rajasthan
3Department of Assistant Professor Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan 4Department of Associate Professor, Department of Pathology Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
*Corresponding Author: Rehan Haider, Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi.
Citation: Rehan Haider, Geetha K. Das, Zameer Ahmed, Sambreen Zameer, (2025), Innovations in Treatment for Women’s Infections, J. Women Health Care and Issues, 8(1); DOI:10.31579/2642-9756/226
Copyright: © 2025, Rehan Haider. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 08 January 2025 | Accepted: 15 January 2025 | Published: 22 January 2025
Keywords: women’s Health infections; urinary tract infections; sexually transmitted infections; reproductive health; healthcare get right of entry to; prevention; public health
Women’s health is extensively impacted by diverse infections that can have profound consequences on each physical and mental well-being. This summary explores the prevalence, causes, and outcomes of infections specific to women’s, inclusive of urinary tract infections (UTIs), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and reproductive tract infections. UTIs are a few of the most unusual infections experienced by using ladies, regularly leading to recurrent episodes and lengthy-time period fitness implications. STIs, along with chlamydia and gonorrhea, pose additional dangers, together with infertility and headaches throughout pregnancy. Additionally, infections throughout pregnancy can result in negative effects for both the mom and the fetus, highlighting the significance of preventive measures and timely treatment. Knowing the precise vulnerabilities women face regarding infections is important for developing centered public fitness strategies and interventions. Social elements, consisting of access to healthcare, education, and socioeconomic popularity, play a tremendous function in women's susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, cultural stigma surrounding positive infections can prevent girls from looking for necessary hospital treatment. This abstract underscores the necessity of comprehensive education on ladies' health problems, selling recognition of infection prevention, and enhancing healthcare access. By addressing these elements, we will decorate the overall fitness outcomes for girls and decrease the load of infections on this populace.
Both men and women are at risk for plenty of infections, but this study focuses on the infections that affect ladies disproportionately, both in phrases of numbers or severity. For the maximum component, meaning reproductive tract infections, together with sexually transmitted sicknesses (STDs) In comparison to men, women are without difficulty with STDs, and much more likely to be a symptomatic, are less without difficulty identified, and more likely to experience unfavorable outcomes,1 such as severe, long-lasting repercussions for their health and reproductive functionality. Reproductive tract infections that are not always sexually transmitted (e.g., bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections) are also principal sources of morbidity that commonly affect women. Also discussed here is information on influenza and pneumonia, infections that pose a special burden for elderly women. Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are a first-rate supply of reproductive health morbidity. Maximum RTIs in women are acquired through sexual interest, however, some (e.g., candidiasis) are not always transmitted in this manner. Most sexually transmitted infections can motivate localized symptoms (e.g., chlamydia, genital herpes), and others (e.g., syphilis) begin as localized infections and may if left untreated, progress to systemic disease. Different sexually transmitted infections, along with HIV and hepatitis B, can cause devastating systemic infections. A few sexually transmitted infections that start within the vagina may have serious, noninfectious results (e.g., the affiliation of human papillomavirus with cervical cancer). The closing outcomes of contamination frequently are not found until years after the infection. for instance, infections are a first-rate motive of infertility in girls due both to acute consequences and to the following improvement of pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID).2,3,4,5 An envisioned 15 million new instances of STDs occur every 12 months inside america.6 The rates of all sexually transmitted infections are a great deal higher in us than in other advanced U.S., and the fees of many sexually transmitted infections had been increasing.1 For example, the overall wide variety of girls diagnosed with received immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) between 1991 and 1995 expanded by 63%, more than in some other institution regardless of race or mode of exposure to HIV.7 despite the fact that sexually lively girls of all ages are prone to such STDs, more youthful ladies are at the very best chance, with two-thirds of all instances occurring in individuals beneath 25 years of age. Younger ladies are the fastest developing section of the population infected with HIV. 1 The expanded burden of contamination for young women is associated with both better-hazard behaviors and biologic factors. variations exist inside our bodies of more youthful girls, mainly within the reproductive tract tissues, which can also lead them to biologically extra liable to those infections.1 rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections also are higher among negative women and minority women’s.Reproductive Tract Infections Chlamydia Trachomatis Chlamydia is the most common STD within the U.S.A with 657,097 instances stated in 1999, of which 80% had been in ladies. Eight those numbers possibly underestimate the real fees because 75% of women with chlamydia infections remain asymptomatic.9Experts estimate that there are 2.5 to a few.3 million new cases (women and men) each year.10 Table 3-1 gives 1999 stated chlamydia costs by way of age and race/ethnicity.8 For most girls' costs boom with age, top between age 15 and 24 years, and then lower sharply. Throughout all age groups, non-Hispanic black girls have the best prices accompanied through American Indian/Alaskan local women after which Hispanic women. Amongst ladies under 25 years.
Age Group (Years) | White, Non-Hispanic | Black, Non-Hispanic | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | Native American/Alaska Native | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15-19 | 300 | 2,500 | 1,200 | 200 | 1,400 | 1,000 |
20-24 | 200 | 2,100 | 900 | 150 | 1,200 | 800 |
25-29 | 100 | 1,200 | 600 | 100 | 900 | 500 |
30-34 | 50 | 700 | 400 | 50 | 500 | 300 |
35-39 | 20 | 400 | 200 | 30 | 300 | 150 |
Overall | 150 | 1,400 | 700 | 100 | 900 | 500 |
Source: Division of STD Prevention.Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000.
Table 3-1: Chlamydia rates per 100,000 U.S. women by age and race/ethnicity, 1999
Vertical Bar Graph: Chlamydia Infection Rates by Gender (1995–1999)
Example Visual (Vertical):
Years | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | ████ | █████ | █████ | █████ | █████ |
Males | ██ | ███ | ███ | ████ | ████ |
Horizontal Bar Graph: Chlamydia Infection Rates by Gender (1995–1999)
Example Visual (Horizontal):
Years | |
---|---|
1995 | Females ███████████ Males ███ |
1996 | Females █████████████ Males ████ |
1997 | Females ██████████████Males █████ |
1998 | Females ███████████████Males █████ |
1999 | Females ████████████████Males ██████ |
Figure 3-1 Chlamydia infection rates by gender, United States, 1995–1999*
Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000. Of age, the rates for non-Hispanic white and Asian/Pacific Islander women are very comparable. After age 25, however, the fees diverge with a lot better fees visible among Asian/Pacific Islander women. 8 Within the last few years, the prices of said chlamydia infections in women and men have elevated (discern three1).8Expanded screening applications funded using the federal government, use of greater sensitive diagnostic assessments, and adjustments to reporting structures primarily explain the expanded quotes. 8 The fee of pronounced chlamydia in women is approximately fourfold higher than in guys.8 based totally on facts from studies of cohorts of union infected girls, about one in ten adultscent women and one in 20 ladies of reproductive age in the USA are inflamed with chlamydia. In a 1997 study carried out on 13,000 girl recruits to the U.S. Navy, the general incidence of chlamydia turned to 9.2%. Chlamydia incidence sharply declined with growing age; 17-yr-olds had the very best occurrence rate (12.2%) amongst age organizations. Black girls had a incidence of 14.9%, compared to 5.5% in whites and 81% in different races. 11 Nucleic acid amplification assays, together with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligase chain reaction (LCR), at the moment, is widely used to screen for and diagnose contamination with Chlamydia trachomatis. Those distinctly sensitive DNA amplification tests are noninvasive and use urine or vaginal swab samples.11 Moreover, they allow clinicians to display larger populations of asymp automatic ladies and men in truly any place.
Age Group (Years) | White, Non-Hispanic | Black, Non-Hispanic | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | Native American/Alaska Native | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15-19 | 50 | 1,800 | 400 | 30 | 500 | 250 |
20-24 | 40 | 1,200 | 300 | 20 | 400 | 200 |
25-29 | 30 | 800 | 200 | 15 | 300 | 150 |
30-34 | 20 | 500 | 150 | 10 | 200 | 100 |
35-39 | 10 | 300 | 100 | 5 | 100 | 50 |
Overall | 30 | 1,000 | 250 | 20 | 300 | 150 |
Table 3-2 Gonorrhea rates per 100,000 U.S. women by age and race/ethnicity, 1999
Explanation:
Rows represent age corporations: 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and usual.
Columns constitute race/ethnicity: White, Non-Hispanic; Black, Non-Hispanic; Hispanic; Asian/Pacific Islander; local American/Alaska Native; and overall fees.
Facts are provided as charges in keeping with 1,000 women for each demographic and age group.
Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Table 12B.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000. The recent improvement of an unmarried-dose antibiotic, azithromycin, eliminates the troubles. Resulting from a lack of compliance with different prescribed, multidose regimens for treating infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. Treatment of sexual partners is likewise easier to manage. If chlamydia infections aren't treated well and promptly, serious detrimental headaches can result. Untreated chlamydia increases the risk of growing PID.2 In a recent take look carried out in a controlled care placing, routine screening, and dealing with treatment for chlamydia decreased new cases of PID via 60%.12 Moreover, PID1,13,14 and earlier contamination with chlamydia3,1315,16,17 are strongly associated with an accelerated chance of ectopic, or tubal, pregnancy.
In 1999, 360,076 instances of gonorrhea were mentioned in America. Of these, 179,534 had been diagnosed nosed in women.8 as is genuine for chlamydia, the high proportion of asymptomatic cases makes pals of gonorrhea incidence problematic. As many as 80% of gonorrhea infections in ladies are asymptomatic. Stated prices might also undress mate the authentic charges by using 50%.1 Table 3-2 offers 1999 pronounced gonorrhea costs using age and race/ethnicity.8Rates increase with age, peaking at age 15–19, truly in advance than for chlamydia. Fees remain highly high among girls in their 1920s and then decline sharply. Across all age agencies, non-Hispanic black ladies have the maximum costs followed by using American Indian/Alaskan Native women and then Hispanic ladies. prices for non-Hispanic white and Asian/Pacific Islander ladies are very similar and are lots decrease than for different companies of girls of all ages under 45 years.8 pronounced instances of gonorrhea have declined inside the final two decades for ladies and men. 8 The decline is attributed to national gonorrhea management efforts. However, this 20-12-month trend of reducing instances appear to have leveled off in view that the 1996 (Figure 3-2)
Year | Females (rate per 100,000) | Males (rate per 100,000) |
---|---|---|
1995 | 200 | 300 |
1996 | 220 | 320 |
1997 | 230 | 340 |
1998 | 250 | 360 |
1999 | 270 | 380 |
Figure 3-2: Gonorrhea Rates by Gender, United States, 1995–1999
Example Data (Hypothetical):
The ladies' line might display a constant boom in gonorrhea rates through the years.
The males' line would begin higher and comply with a similar upward fashion.
Example Visual (Horizontal):
Years | |
---|---|
1995 | Females ███████ Males ██████████ |
1996 | Females ████████ Males ███████████ |
1997 | Females █████████Males ████████████ |
1998 | Females █████████Males ████████████ |
1999 | Females █████████Males █████████████ |
The horizontal layout offers an alternative view that might make comparing the rates for different genders easier to visualize.
Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control.
No matter the decline, gonorrhea continues to be commonplace within high-density urban areas, amongst individuals less than 24 years old, the ones who have more than one sexual companion, and people who engage in unprotested sexual intercourse.18 presently, as is the case with chlamydia, the very best rate of honorrhea is observed in girls among the whole of 15 and 19.8 African American women have higher gonorrhea quotes in comparison with other girls. 8 Gender variations in gonorrhea costs have narrowed over time. As recently as 1987, honorRhea was more commonplace among men than amongst womens.18At gift, a little distinction exists within the fee of gonorrhea for guys in comparison to girls.8 that is usually the result of rates in girls increasing, in preference to prices in guys decreasing. The upgrades in screening and trying out can also have detected cases in ladies differentially as the proportion of asymptomatic gonorrhea instances is better in women (30% to 80%) than in guys (less than 5%).9 As with chlamydia, diagnosis and remedy of gonorrhea has advanced with the creation of exceedingly touchy, noninvasive DNA amplifiedtion assays. remedy hints issued by using the facilities for disease manipulation and Prevention (CDC) advise an unmarried dose of ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin to be adminentered as a means of enhancing compliance and managing resistant lines of bacterial infecttion. furthermore, this regimen commonly is accompaneed to use a dose of azithromycin, as many
Figure 3-3: Pelvic Inflammatory ailment Hospitalization rates, women aged 15–44 Years, U.S., 1988–1998
Example Data (Hypothetical):
Year | PID Hospitalization Rate (per 100,000 women) |
---|---|
1988 | 150 |
1989 | 140 |
1990 | 130 |
1991 | 120 |
1992 | 115 |
1993 | 110 |
1994 | 105 |
1995 | 100 |
1996 | 95 |
1997 | 90 |
1998 | 85 |
Each year would have a vertical bar indicating the rate for that specific year.
Example Visual (Vertical Bar Graph):
Years |
---|
1988 | ██████████████ |
1989 | █████████████ |
1990 | ████████████ |
1991 | ███████████ |
1992 | ██████████ |
1993 | █████████ |
1994 | ████████ |
1995 | ███████ |
1996 | ██████ |
1997 | ██████ |
1998 | ██████ |
This vertical bar graph would clearly show the declining trend in PID hospitalization rates year by year.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics.National Hospital Discharge Survey.In: Division of STD Prevention.Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999.Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2000. sufferers additionally need to be handled for chlamydial contamination. Inside the beyond, gonorrhea deal withment has been complex with the aid of an elevated prevalence of antibiotic-resistant traces of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterial pressure that causes gonorrhea. In 1998, approximately 30% of gonorrhea microorganisms cultured inside the Gonococcal Isolates Surveillance software (GISP) were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, or each. This surveillance program maintains to reveal traits in antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.1Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID) more than 750,000 girls every year are affected by PID and related complications.20 inside the 1995 country-wide Survey of the Circle of Relatives Growth (NSFG), 7.6% of all women reported ever being treated for PID; quotes are comparable for Hispanics (7. nine%) and nonHispanic whites (7.2%) but higher for nonHispanic blacks (10.6%).21Most cases of PID are the result of a previous STD having ascended from the vagina or cervix into the top genital tract (pelvic place). other infections also can cause PID. An expected 10% to forty% of ladies with untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea will increase PID.22, 23 the predominant signs and symptoms of PID consist of lower belly ache and ordinary vaginal discharge. 5 A clinician can diagnose PID with a pelvic examination or way of life of vaginal and cervical secretions and the circumstance can be dealt with successfully with antibiotics.5 the rate of hospitalization for PID is declining for women of childbearing age (figure 3-3). Records on the range of first-time visits to a health practitioner for PID
Figure 3-4: primary and Secondary Syphilis prices by way of Gender, United States of America, 1995–1999 One line for adult males and one line for girls to reveal adjustments through the years.
Example facts (Hypothetical):
Year | Females (rate per 100,000) | Males (rate per 100,000) |
---|
1995 | 2.5 | 5.0 |
1996 | 2.0 | 4.8 |
1997 | 1.8 | 4.5 |
1998 | 1.6 | 4.2 |
1999 | 1.5 | 4.0 |
The girls' line might display a slight but constant decline in syphilis prices.
The males' line would start higher but additionally decline, reflecting similar tendencies throughout genders.
Sample Visual (Vertical Bar Graph):
Year | Females' Rates (Bar) | Males' Rates (Bar) |
---|---|---|
1995 | ███ | ████████ |
1996 | ██ | ███████ |
1997 | ██ | ██████ |
1998 | █ | █████ |
1999 | █ | ████ |
This bar graph allows for easy comparison between genders, illustrating that mal
Each year would have two horizontal bars, one for males and one for females.
Year | Females' Rate | Males' Rate |
---|
1995 | ███ | ████████ |
1996 | ██ | ███████ |
1997 | ██ | ██████ |
1998 | █ | █████ |
1999 | █ | ████ |
Each gender sees a decline in syphilis quotes from 1995 to 1999.Males have constantly better rates than females, but both revel in a comparable downward fashion.This visible illustration enables evaluating gender differences in syphilis charges over time, and the decline may suggest the impact of public fitness measures or different factors at some point in these years. Alter the numbers according to actual records.
Source: Division of STD Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1999. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control; 2000. Show a similar trend; the wide variety of visits Declined from 430,800 in 1989 to 261,000 in 1997. Approximately 20% of girls with PID experience infertility. 5, 24 Furthermore, an expected 30% of women infertility within the U.S. can be attributed to previous untreated STD infections. Additionally, PID is strongly related to an increased hazard of ectopic pregnancy5, 13, 14 and is a chief cause of pelvic pain in girls of childbearing age.20 Syphilis In 1999, about 6,657 cases of syphilis (number one and secondary) took place in the United States with 2,796 cases among girls. 8 Most women with syphilis do now not revel in observing capable signs and symptoms. Shortly after publicity, individuals develop a number one lesion, a syphilis ulcer, but it is classically painless. After 6 or more weeks, a rash and different signs and symptoms may expand.25 In 1999, the stated syphilis infection price changed to 2.5 in line with 100,000 people, more than 20
centers for disease manipulation and Prevention; 1986,1990,1994,1999.
Figure 3-6 New AIDS cases by gender, United States, 1993–1999*
Year | Men | Women |
---|---|---|
1993 | 89,165 | 16,824 |
1994 | 65,591 | 14,081 |
1995 | 59,616 | 13,764 |
1996 | 54,653 | 13,820 |
1997 | 47,056 | 13,105 |
1998 | 36,886 | 10,998 |
1999 | 35,350 | 10,780 |
*Includes reported cases among women 13 years of age and older
Source: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report: 1999 year-end report. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1993–1999.The overall occurrence of AIDS has been declining for the duration of the Nineties. This decrease has been attributed to new aggregate antiretroviral treatment options to lessen viral hundreds in HI inflamed people and combat the progression of the disorder to AIDS. 40, however, this decrease became not as said in girls compared to guys.41 between 1993 and 1999, the incidence of AIDS decreased by 60% in men but the simplest 36% in girls (parent 3-6).40 a few accept as true with that epidemic tendencies among HIV-infected men and women have diverged because the sizable majority of ladies residing with HIV in the United States of America are negative and shortage the assets to attain necessary treatment.41,42In 1999, heterosexual touch with someone inflamed with HIV changed into the maximum commonplace approach for a woman to gather HIV (approximately 61% of instances).40 Injection drug use is the subsequent most frequent direction of transmission for women. Those two transmission routes aren't constantly collectively specific and substantial overlap exists.40 most AIDS instances among ladies are said among girls30–49 years of age (68% in 1999). forty as with so many other STDs, racial and ethnic disparities are obvious with HIV/AIDS. 81 percent of girls these days diagnosed with AIDS are African American (6,775 women’s) or Hispanic (2,1/2 women 40 The AIDS case price (new cases in keeping with a hundred,000 population) is
*Includes reported cases among women 13 years of age and older
Source: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report: 1999-year end report. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999; 11(2). Also, markedly exclusive via race and ethnicity with better fees for minority women (parent 3-7). For women in the 25–44 age group, AIDS is the 0.33 leading purpose of dying for African individuals, fourth for Hispanics, and 10th for whites (.40 due to improved HIV treatment plans, AIDS deaths have declined dramatically between 1993 and 1998 (parent 3-eight). those declines, however, have been tons larger for men than for girls. Prevention strategies often consciousness of behavoral modifications. The most outstanding is counseling for people to use condoms if they may be sexybest friend lively. Condom use charges have elevated in the previous few years, presumably because of HIV prevention campaigns. The effectiveness of these conduct changes is restricted by using women’s Power, schooling, and Societal Stage 41 health care vendors may be a resource for speaking risks of contamination, teaching prevention techniques, and offering checking out for HIV. but, the majority of women no longer talked with their healthcare issuer approximately HIV/AIDS, even though African American ladies have been more likely than Hispanic and white women to report doing so (figure 3-9).43 The synergistic relationship between HIV contamination and other STDs reinforce the importance of STD prevention. Sexually transmitted illnesses can beautify transmission of HIV via an element of to 5, whereas HIV infection can excelbate transmission of other STDs.1 Genital ulcers, cervical ectopy, worrying about sexual intercourse, lack of condom use, anal intercourse, and interdiction during menses are all factors that affect susceptibility.1 Therefore, other options designed to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV are to deal with any underlying STD and limit dangerous sexual conduct with the aid of selling abstinence or condom use, or through reducing the quantity of sexual companions.1 Antiretroviral remedy may additionally affect infectivity and is related to a significant reduction in the sexual transmission of HIV.1 An aggregate of these strategies can also offer the simplest way of decreasing HIV transmission in women in the future.Trichomonas’s As one of the maximum not unusual STDs in the United States, trichomonas’s affects 2–3 million American girls annually. No countrywide data exist on the superiority of trichomonas’s. it's far a disorder found often in ladies aged sixteen to 35 years is transmitted through sexual pastimes, and happens greater commonly among ladies with multiple sexual partners.1 Trichomonas’s is asymptomatic for many women, but others revel in such symptoms as a foul-smelling or greenish discharge from the vagina
Source: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report: 1999 year-end report.
Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999; 11(2). Vaginal itching, or redness. Other symptoms might also include painful sexual intercourse, decrease abdominal discomfort, and the urge to urinate. These signs generally increase 6 months from the time of infection. Trichomonas’s is diagnosed through a pelvic exam, during which vaginal samples are taken and examined to diagnose the infection. A single dose of metronidazole is typically administered to treat this contamination.1 Research is ongoing to study the capacity association between trichomonas’s contamination and an extended hazard of HIV transmission. Similarly, for the duration of being pregnant, trichomonas’s contamination can be related to preterm delivery and/or a low start-weight child.4
Bacterial vaginosis is a widely defined condition in which the benign hydrogen-peroxide producing lactobacilli, which generally inhabit the vagina, are changed via different species of bacteria, inclusive of Gardner Ella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Urea plasma urealyticum.45 In essence, the “exact” organism is worn out and the “bad” microorganisms flow in. Episodes of BV at some stage in pregnancy are related to improved risk of untimely shipping.4647, 48, 4950,51,52,53 Furthermore, ladies with BV appear to be at tons more risk of acquiring HIV.54 No countrywide records exist on the superiority of BV. Among populations visiting circle of relatives making plans clinics, prevalence rates of BV have been estimated to be 17%.23 in a multicenter have a look at over.
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Communication Dynamics |
| (Women & Health Care Providers) |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| |
| +-------------------+ +-------------------+ |
| | | | | |
| | Stigma & | | Provider | |
| | Misinformation | | Relationships | |
| | | | | |
| +-------------------+ +-------------------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| +--------------------------+ |
| | |
| v |
| +-------------------+ |
| | | |
| | Barriers to | |
| | Access | |
| | | |
| +-------------------+ |
| | |
| v |
| +-------------------+ |
| | | |
| | Epidemiological | |
| | Context | |
| | | |
| +-------------------+ |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
Source: Henry Kaiser Family Foundation. National Survey of Americans on AIDS/HIV, conducted September 19–October 26, 1997
This element highlights how societal stigma and incorrect information approximately HIV/AIDS affected women’s’ willingness to communicate overtly with healthcare vendors.
Provider Relationships:
The great relationships between ladies and their health care companies considerably impacted verbal exchange. Supportive and knowledgeable carriers encouraged extra open discussions.
Barriers to access:
diverse limitations, consisting of lack of get entry to appropriate fitness offerings and skilled companies, hindered effective verbal exchange and care.
Epidemiological Context:
The growing awareness of HIV/AIDS's impact on women in 1997 necessitated a shift in verbal exchange strategies inside health care settings. This diagram encapsulates the multifaceted nature of verbal exchange dynamics inside the context of HIV/AIDS for girls for the duration of that duration.10,000 pregnant women, the prevalence of BV averaged 16% (ranging from 9% to 28%).46 This examines defined BV based totally upon a check of a vaginal smear pattern. medical standards for prognosis are much broader and may lead to each false positive and fake poor diagnoses. Women’s who are black46, 48,55, poor, less educated46, young47,48, or unmarried46 have a few times, but not continually, been discovered to be at improved risk for BV infection. The handiest Behavioral elements which have been diagnosed as feasible hazard factors are early age at first intercourse46, smoking48 and vaginal douching.56,57 Bacterial vaginosis may be treated with an antibiotic (metronidazole).58Although the remedy is effective, ladies might also acquire the situation repeatedly.
Taken together, influenza (flu) and pneumonia are many of the five leading causes of death for humans over 65 years of age and are responsible for 7% of deaths for the ones over the age of 85.31 Deaths from influenza and pneumonia upward with age, from 42.9 according to 1,000 for women a long time 65 74 years to 933.7 consistent with 1,000 for women over the age of 85 years. 31 Approximately 10% of all hospitalizations for elderly males and females are attributed unable to pneumonia and bronchitis.31 Annual influenza vaccinations can reduce the threat of influenza among older women. The CDC recommends that individuals 65 years and older or people with continual health situations acquire influenza vaccinations each year to guard themselves in opposition to the flu.31 Influenza vaccines have additionally been verified to be valuable and powerful for the health, of working adults aged 18 to 64 years.59,60moreover, the CDC recommends that everybody elderly 65 and older ought to obtain a one-time dose of the pneumonia vaccine.61 In 1997, but, only 64.4% of ladies aged 65 and older acquired an influenza vaccine, and 45.6% a pneumococcal vaccine inside the previous year.62 Vaccination use will increase with age and vary via race and ethnicity, but no longer by gender.31,62 For the ones over the age of 65, non-Hispanic white people report a higher vaccination charge for influenza and pneumonia as compared to non-Hispanic black or Hispanic persons.31
Current studies have hired various methodologies to explore revolutionary remedies for women's infections, especially specializing in vaginal infections. Randomized managed trials, qualitative studies, and systematic critiques were pivotal in assessing the efficacy of new treatment modalities. For instance, a randomized trial on periodic presumptive treatment (PPT) tested a big reduction in bacterial vaginosis (BV) among individuals. Additionally, qualitative studies have identified boundaries to treatment adherence in ladies stricken by vulvovaginal candidiasis, highlighting the need for tailored interventions.
The findings from this research imply promising improvements in the remedy of women's infections. Drastically, the management of lactoferrin (Lf) has proven capacity in preventing recurrent vaginitis and related headaches such as cervical infection and preterm delivery. Furthermore, the software of nanomedicine for localized remedy of vulvovaginal infections has emerged as a significant innovation, addressing the pressing need for effective topical healing procedures.
The dialogue surrounding these improvements emphasizes the significance of personalized treatment and the mixing of new technology in treating women health troubles. The efficacy and safety of vaginal laser treatments for vulvovaginal atrophy have been highlighted, suggesting upgrades in each genital sign and symptoms and sexual feature. Moreover, the challenges posed with the aid of antimicrobial resistance in treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) necessitate ongoing studies and variations of remedy techniques.
In conclusion, the panorama of treatment for women’s infections is evolving with sizable innovations that promise better effects. The combination of conventional and novel strategies, together with nanomedicine and periodic presumptive treatment, gives hope for extra powerful control of infections. Persisted studies are essential to refine those remedies and address the obstacles to adherence, making sure that women obtain high-quality feasible take care of their reproductive health
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and support of individuals and organizations who aided in the completion of this research project. Special thanks to My Mentor Naweed Imam Syed Prof. Department of Cell Biology at the University of Calgary and Dr. Sadaf Ahmed from the Psychophysiology Lab at the University of Karachi for their invaluable input and support throughout the research.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures related to this research.
No funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript.
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Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina