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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/480
1 Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Republic of Yemen.
2 Yemen Medical Specialist Council, Ministry of Health and population, Yemen.
3 Departement of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Republic of Yemen.
4 Medical Microbiology and Clinical Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Republic of Yemen.
*Corresponding Author: Hassan Abdulwahab Al-Shamahy, Departement of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Microbiology and Clinical Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Republic of Yemen.
Citation: Al-Rahbi LM, Mohammed Setten HH, Al-Shamahy HA, (2025), Impact of 3D Printing in Reconstruction of Maxillofacial Bone Defects Experimental Study in A Military Hospital in Sana’a city Yemen, J Clinical Research and Reports, 19(2); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/480
Copyright: © 2025, Hassan Abdulwahab Al-Shamahy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 15 January 2025 | Accepted: 17 March 2025 | Published: 28 March 2025
Keywords: bioceramics; maxillofacial bone defect; reconstructive surgical procedures; three-dimensional (3D) printing technology; PEEK; PMMA
Background and aims: This study Explore’s the use of Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as alternative materials for 3D reconstruction of orbital bone defects. PEEK offers biocompatibility, lightweight properties, and radiolucency, while PMMA is renowned for its mechanical strength and ease of manipulation. Our prospective study aims include evaluating the durability and effectiveness of these materials, developing a standardized 3D reconstruction protocol from imaging data, and designing patient-specific implants through 3D printing technology. We will assess clinical outcomes regarding functional recovery and aesthetic results in patients receiving PEEK and PMMA implants, alongside enhancements in surgical techniques to minimize operative time and improve recovery. This prospective study aimed to use of 3D printing to reconstruct maxillofacial bone defects resulting from various injuries and assessment associated complications, evaluation and recovery experience and assessment of quality of life after operation
Materials & methods: A study at the Military Hospital in Sana'a, Yemen, found maxillofacial fractures in six patients who underwent maxillofacial reconstruction using 3D printing technology. The patients had previously undergone unsuccessful traditional treatments. The study involved preoperative assessments, CT scans, and functional evaluations. Custom 3D printed implants were designed using GOM and ATOS, and surgical procedures were performed under general anesthesia. PEEK and PMMA implants were used for craniofacial augmentation and reconstruction for our patients.
Results: A group of patients aged 20-43 years, with a mean age of 28.8 years, experienced pain, aesthetic deformity, limited mouth opening, difficulty eating, and bacterial infections. Causes included G.S.I, RTA, bomb explosion, and falls from height. Fractures occurred in various areas, with 83.3% resulting in a compound fracture, and 16.7% had simple and maxillary sinus fractures. The study found that all patients had unilateral fractures, with 33.3% having segmental fractures, 66.7% having displacement, and 50 having tripod fractures. Debridement operation was performed in all patients, with bone grafting and ORIF performed in 83.3%. Instability, insufficient, and infection were the most common reasons for failure. The study found that 66.6% of patients and physicians were satisfied with the results, while 83.3% reported excellent quality of life, with 83.3% of patients exhibiting good eating, speaking, social interaction, and emotional well-being.
Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of 3D printing technology in enhancing the outcomes of maxillofacial bone defect reconstruction by use PEEK and PMMA materials, especially in patients with prior treatment failures.
Decreased quality of life can be the result of critical functional and aesthetic problems caused by bone deformities in the maxillofacial region [1]. Infection, trauma, congenital conditions, or neoplastic surgery, can all be the cause of these deformities [1,2]. Reconstructive operation, which can be challenging for both surgeons and patients, is necessary to restore the functional and aesthetic roles of complex anatomical areas [1]. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), autologous bone grafting, or titanium, have been used to coat bone defects in cases prior to acknowledged in the researches [3]. However, each material presents some limitations, raising the requirement for additional research to establish the superlative request for bone reconstruction in the maxillofacial locality. Biocompatibility, non-allergenic behavior, radio-opacity, affordability, ease of use, and adequate strength are all general prerequisites for an ideal implant [1,4,5]. Furthermore, implants with critical biological properties such as osteoconduction and osteoinduction to improve implant ingrowth and dimensional stability make them more useful for bone restoration [1,6,7]. The ability to passively host osteogenic cells, including osteocytes, and direct their migration into the graft to promote its ingrowth is known as osteoconduction [2,8]. To allow migration within a 3D structure, a microporous structure is required [9].
It is difficult to duplicate the dynamic properties of native bone with those of standard implants. Growth factors, proper vascularity, and stability for osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes all depend on a mineral matrix. Because autologous bone grafting contains osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic qualities, it has the best biocompatibility and is consequently regarded as the gold standard [2,6,8–11]. Significant disadvantages include acceptor site resorption, donor site morbidity, restricted supply of appropriate donor bone, and extended surgical duration [6,10,11]. Because of its strength, osseointegration ability, and biocompatibility, titanium is a widely used material [5,12]. However, compared to bone grafts and bioceramics, it has a greater infection rate, produces radiological artifacts, and causes thermal discomfort [9,13,14]. PEEK implants have weak osteoconductive qualities, low bioactivity, and good strength [9,12,15]. Bioceramic patient-specific implants (PSIs) have attracted attention recently as a valuable alternative to traditional materials for the reconstruction of bone defects in the craniomaxillofacial region [6,12,16]. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has the probable to combine the biomechanical possessions of bioceramics in a PSI [12,17,18], a relatively new technique that is regarded as the future of transplant medicine [19]. Bioceramic PSIs can be printed using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) to create a biocompatible scaffold that guides osteoblasts to replace bone defects in the craniomaxillofacial region without donor site morbidity [20]. The implant stimulates osteogenesis and fibrovascular ingrowth [18,21].
The most common form is hydroxyapatite (HA), which is occasionally mixed with growth hormones such bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) [22, 23]. As an osteoinductive factor, BMP2 promotes angiogenesis and osteoblast development. A mix of osteoconductive carriers, such as HA scaffolds or autologous and allogenous bone transplants, are required for its application [2]. The therapeutic application of HA bioceramic PSIs in the craniomaxillofacial region is not well documented in research [9,16,17]. Furthermore, opinions about the ideal ratio of osseointegration to strength are divided [16,20]. The primary difference in mechanical qualities is the pore design, which is required to improve bone in growth in the implant [24]. For example, the conventional pore arrangement is not as robust as the triangular periodic minimum surface (TPMS) approach [20, 25]. The PSIs created for clinical cases in this study used TPMS [22, 23]. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and biomechanical behavior of HA bioceramic PSIs in relation to autologous bone implants, titanium, and PEEK. To illustrate the clinical outcomes of these implants in reconstructive surgery for maxillofacial bone deformities, six clinical examples were included.
Study Design: A serial clinical follow-up study.
Study population: All patients attending the Military hospital between the first of January 2024 and the end of December 2024 (Time allowed for clinical work for the board’s degree).
Data collection procedure: All patients who met the predetermined inclusion criteria were immediately admitted to the OMFD inside the Yemeni military hospital. There, they were given a detailed explanation of the study protocol and their written informed consent was duly obtained. A form created especially for this purpose is used to meticulously record pertinent demographic data, such as age, medical history, behavioral patterns, and contact information. The diagnosis process began with a thorough review of the patients' medical history, a careful clinical examination, and a thorough radiological evaluation, which included obtaining a standard CT scan with 3D reconstruction, including axial and coronal views, as a preoperative procedure. Furthermore, laboratory tests were carefully performed on each patient that was part of the study. Using 3D printing technology, these six patients underwent maxillofacial repair as part of their treatment. Six patients with maxillofacial bone abnormalities who had previously received ineffective conventional therapies were enrolled in this exploratory trial. All participants provided informed consent. Preoperative assessments involved medical history reviews, imaging studies (CT scans), and functional evaluations. Custom 3D printed implants were designed using GOM; ATOS, Braunschweig, Germany based on high-resolution CT scans to create accurate models of the defects. The implants were fabricated using 3D printing technology (FDM, SLA) with biocompatible materials such as PMMA in five cases, and PEEK in one case as material for craniofacial augmentation and reconstruction. Surgical procedures were performed under general anesthesia, where the failed grafts were removed and the 3D printed implants were placed and fixed using screws and plates. Postoperative care included monitoring for complications and follow-up assessments at 1, 2, 8, 12,16 weeks.
Statistical Analysis: Data analyzed by using statistical software SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive analyses: proportions, percentages, and frequency distribution were performed.
Table 1 shows gender and age distribution of six patients who underwent maxillofacial reconstruction using 3D printing technology, a case series at the Military Hospital in Sana’a City. There are 100% males and 0.0
In the current study, 50% of patients experienced pain, 100% experienced cosmetic deformity, 33.3% experienced limited mouth opening, 16.7% experienced difficulty eating, and 16.7% experienced bacterial infection. These findings are similar to those reported previously in that facial bone fractures, like other fractures, may be associated with pain, bruising, and swelling of the surrounding tissues (such symptoms can also occur in the absence of fractures). Fractures of the nose, skull base, or maxilla may be associated with severe nosebleeds [26]. Nasal fractures may be associated with nasal deformity, as well as swelling and bruising [27]. Facial deformity, for example sunken cheekbones or teeth that do not align properly, suggests fractures. Asymmetry can also suggest facial fractures or nerve damage [28]. People with a mandibular fracture often experience pain and difficulty opening their mouths and may experience numbness of the lip and chin [29]. Also with Le Fort fractures, the midface may move relative to the rest of the face or skull [30].
In the current study when considering the causes of injuries. 33.3% were caused by gunshot, 16.7% by Road Traffic Accident (RTA), 50% by bomb blast and none by falling from a height (0.0%). These findings differ from those reported elsewhere in the world where mechanisms of injury such as falls, assaults, sports injuries and motor vehicle accidents are common causes of facial trauma in children [29,31] as well as adults [32]. Indirect assaults and blows from fists or objects are also common causes of facial trauma [26,33]. Facial trauma can also result from war injuries such as gunshots and explosions which were the main cause in our study. Animal attacks and work-related injuries such as industrial accidents are other causes [34]. Motor vehicle trauma is a major cause of facial injuries where the impact usually occurs when the face hits a part of the interior of the vehicle, such as the steering wheel [35]. In addition, airbags can cause corneal abrasions and lacerations to the face when deployed [35].
In the current study, fractures occurred in the mandible (16.7%), the maxilla (50%), the nose (16.7%), the cheekbone (66.7%), the orbit (83.3%), and the frontal (33.3%). Also, the papyrus plate was affected in 50% of patients, the orbital rim in 66.7%, the lateral wall in 83.3%, the floor in 66.7% and the roof in 16.7%. These findings are similar to those reported previously, in which the most commonly affected facial bones include the nasal bone (nose), the maxilla, and the mandible. The mandible may fracture at the ossicle, body, angle, ramus, and condyle [29]. The zygoma (cheekbone) and the frontal bone (forehead) are other sites of fracture [36]. Fractures may also occur in the bones of the palate and those that join to form the orbit.
This prospective study aimed to use 3D printing to reconstruct maxillofacial bone defects resulting from various injuries and to evaluate the associated complications, evaluation experience, recovery and quality of life after surgery using materials PEEK and PMMA with the aim of avoiding bone grafting and reducing surgical time, an idea similar to the use of HA bioceramic blocks and particles already used in maxillofacial surgery in the 1980s [37,38]. However, it was difficult to prevent these particles from migrating [37]. Currently, these bioceramic materials can be used to fabricate PSIs [18]. HA bioceramic PSIs provide a volumetrically stable scaffold of biocompatible material for the reconstruction of maxillofacial bone defects [18]. PSIs, regardless of the material used, are superior to standard implants in terms of fit accuracy, reduced surgical time and risk of infection, stability and implant-bone contact [4,39,40]. In particular, when using surgical navigation, accuracy is enhanced [40]. The results of our study have confirmed previous facts.
In the present study, patients who underwent maxillofacial reconstruction using 3D printing technology were preoperatively treated using classical surgical methods. Preoperatively, 50% of patients experienced pain, 100% experienced aesthetic deformity, 33.3% experienced limited mouth opening, 16.7% experienced difficulty in eating and 16.7% experienced bacterial infection, but these problems disappeared after they underwent maxillofacial reconstruction using 3D printing technology using PEEK and PMMA implants. Bioceramic fillings are biomimetic and eliminate the need for bone grafting [17]. They are osteoconductive, and the large pores in the gyroids have the ability to direct bone cells and facilitate osteogenesis and fibrovascular growth in vitro [18]. In vivo, osseointegration could not be objectively assessed on CT images 16 weeks after surgery in the six cases. However, in the clinical cases performed by Verbist, et al. [40], a perfect osseous contact and signs of bone formation were observed between the bioceramic fillings and the bone [41,42,43]. This indicates beneficial healing, fibrovascularization and mineralization around the implant. Bioceramic fillings have proven to be beneficial due to their use as an internal filling rather than an external filling. This has led to an excellent aesthetic result in this important anatomical area. In order to be able to observe clear signs of osseointegration radiographically, a longer follow-up period of up to twelve months is required [9,16].
In the current study the post operative assessment and recovery experience among maxillofacial fractures patients who underwent maxillofacial reconstruction using 3D printing technology results showed that physicians and patients were very satisfied with the results in 66.6% of cases, 16.7% had a satisfied result, 16.7% had a normal result and no cases of dissatisfaction with the results occurred. These results are similar to that reported by researchers when they compare the maxillofacial reconstruction using 3D printing technology with classical surgery and bone grafts as their conclusions stated that “3D printed bioceramic implants have great potential in maxillofacial reconstruction surgery”. Studies show several advantages of these new implants over conventional techniques in terms of biocompatibility and biomechanical behavior; and various applications are possible. A longer follow-up period is necessary to evaluate the osseointegration process radiographically. However, due to their excellent biocompatibility and osseointegration ability, we recommend their use in load-sharing anatomical structures for reconstruction or aesthetic purposes. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of this promising biomaterial [41-44].
This study highlights the potential of 3D printing technology in enhancing the outcomes of maxillofacial bone defect reconstruction by PEEK and PMMA materials, especially in patients with prior treatment failures.
A limitation of the study is that the research was conducted to analyze a small, specific group of materials used in bone reconstruction in maxillofacial surgery. Both materials utilized are radiolucent materials, which poses challenges in monitoring and assessment. Additionally, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) requires sufficient thickness; insufficient thickness compromises its strength and increases the risk of fracturing when secured with screws. As pioneers in implementing this type of prosthetic in Yemen, we encountered difficulties related to the designer's capacity to achieve optimal alignment of soft tissues and appropriate thickness. This necessitated in-operation adjustments for several cases, this opens the door to the possibility of selection and publication bias. However, our search was conducted from a rigorous critical perspective, prioritizing the inclusion of the most relevant articles on this topic. Also, one of the main limitations of this study was not including long-term follow-up.
The accompanying author can provide the empirical data that were utilized to support the study's conclusions upon request.
There are no conflicts of interest in regard to this project
Dr. Hamzah Hussein Mohammed Setten: Formal analysis, conceptualization, data organization, and clinical and laboratory examinations to obtain a board’s degree in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. All other authors supervised the work, reviewed the article, and approved the final version.
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I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
