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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/331
Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Maritime University, Indian Ports Association.
*Corresponding Author: Satyendra Chakrabartty, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Maritime University, Indian Ports Association.
Citation: Satyendra Chakrabartty, (2025), Deciding Priorities for Public Health, Psychology and Mental Health Care, 9(4): DOI:10.31579/2637-8892/331
Copyright: © 2025, Satyendra Chakrabartty. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 09 April 2025 | Accepted: 29 April 2025 | Published: 13 May 2025
Keywords: aggregation consistency; geometric mean; health indicators; health index; priority setting; public health surveillance
Aims: Setting priorities in public health involves selection of indicators, domains and method of aggregation to get an index of health. Priority setting for universal health coverage needs methodologically sound method of aggregation of chosen indicators satisfying desirable properties.
Methods: Avoiding problems of scaling, selection of weights and distributions of indicator scores, multiplicative aggregation of ratios of n-indicators in t-th year and a fixed base year is suggested satisfying country index = aggregation of index of all regions = aggregation of index of all domains.
Results: The index can be computed separately for different vulnerable groups or on place of dwelling. Priorities can be decided by relative importance of the indicators computed by change in index due to unit increase in an indicator. The proposed index help in ranking of regions, identification of critical indicators, assessing progress/decline reflecting effectiveness of public health policies and programmes, drawing path of progress/decline of the index across time.
Conclusions: Proposed method of aggregation irrespective of inter-correlations among the indicators, offering benefits of aggregation consistency has clear theoretical advantages and is recommended.
A healthy population enjoying good physical, mental, and social well-being signifies socio-economic capital of a nation which helps to achieve higher socio-economic development, while reducing the burden on healthcare systems. Health of population in a country considers health outcome metrics reflecting physical, mental, and social well-being of people with positive and negative states of health like life expectancy at birth or condition-specific life expectancy, mortality rate, age-specific mortality rates, etc. and patient-reported measure of health and functional status (Parrish, 2010). India is committed to accelerate progress in the SDGs, including SDG-3 targets relating to good health and well-being for all. Setting priorities in public health at national level to improve health of population needs to address the basic questions on satisfaction of variety of compelling needs, assessment of size of public health problems, important problem areas, how much to care about and for whom, how to achieve health equity by eliminating health disparities, how to attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all, etc. Implementation of the policies involve number of players at various levels like local, state and district, national level, associated industry, health care providers and professionals, the public at large and may run into rough weather due to anticipated and unanticipated factors. Strong Public Health Surveillance (PHS) systems are pre-requisites for implementation of Public Health policy. Implementation challenges in India have been addressed in details in Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India (Blanchard et al.2020).Appropriate health-policies and programmes need to focus on demographic changes, current and anticipated phases of epidemiological transition, disease burden across the regions or states, vulnerable groups, causes of deaths, etc. which are usually evaluated by secondary data on a number of dimensions, each containing a set of measurable indicators. Questions may arise on adequacy of data. For example, in India, medically certified deaths constituted about 21% of registered deaths in 2019 (RGI, 2021). Addressing data gaps in public health could be given priority. Deciding priorities for public health involves management of public health information unlike clinical information which are mostly concern with assessment of severity of disease, individual patient care and measuring changes with time. Aggregated clinical data may not be sufficient to indicate impact of health policies in the population of a country. Thus, approach to population health includes collection of data pertaining to selected indicators distributed among finite number of chosen domains and appropropriate method of aggregation of the indicators and/or domains to get an index of health. Comprehensive selection of indicators and the adopted aggregation method determine effectiveness in detecting problems, defining priorities, identifying innovative solutions, and allocating resources for improved health outcomes. The set of indicators includes among others social determinants of health, education, environment, lifestyle factors, etc. and data-driven approach for assessment, monitoring, intervening and collaborating across various sectors like healthcare, government, community organizations, private sector to improve overall health of a population. Many health indices have been developed. While Van de Water et al (1996) considered a set of indices pertaining to European Union member states; Hyder et al. (2012) listed indices originating from the World Bank and WHO. However, a health index for developed countries may not be applicable for developing countries like India with pronounced poverty, inequality and inadequate access to healthcare infrastructure and services, etc. (Goli & Arokiasamy, 2014). In addition, disease-related stigma causing inequality in the access and delivery of health-care services can affect public health differently in different societies. Stigma and resulting discrimination towards corpses and survivors of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) was common even among educated persons (Dar et. al. 2020). Disease-related stigma were also found on mental illnesses, AIDS, leprosy, cancer, autism, Down’s syndrome, diabetes, obesity, intestinal disorders, epilepsy, etc. (Akbari et al. 2023). Because of lack of theoretical backgrounds, or framework in construction of health indices, Ashraf etal. (2019) suggested for development of health index with focused purposes for a specific population. However, there is no consensus regarding selection of domains and indicators for comprehensive approach of muldimensional index of public health. For example, Health Index by NITI Aayog (2021), Government of India covers 24 indicators (positive indicators like institutional deliveries and negative indicators like Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR), Under-five Mortality Rate (U5MR), human resource shortfall, etc.). The India Health Index (IHI) by Sehgal et al. (2024) considers six domains with 29 indicators. In general, each chosen indicator is made unit free by normalizing or scaling by different transformations like max-min normalization (Yang, 2014), Z-score standardization (WHO index of health system performance by SPRG, 2001), converting raw scores of indicators into a 1- 100 scales (Mazziotta-Pareto Index (MPI) (2013), etc. and such normalized scores are aggregated by arithmetic aggregation with or without weights. However, different methods of normalizations have methodological limitations. Mhlanga and Lall (2022) found that different normalizing or scaling transformation produced different rankings. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods usually avoid normalization. Aggregation by giving equal weights to the indicators and dimensions is rather controversial, since equal weighting implying equal importance resulting in constant trade-off between a pair of indicators are not always made explicit (Tofallis, 2014; Yang, 2014). SF-36, transforms raw data to percentages before taking average. However, average of percentages is wrong, when the denominator
. Weights based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ignore poorly correlated indictors with the composite index (CI) even if such indicators are important. For covariance matrix, PCA gives more weight to variables with larger variances. PCA weights are data specific and may vary across time. PCA method was disfavoured by (Nardo et al.2005). Ideal weights mentioned by Hartung et al. (2008) are utopia. Chakrabartty (2017) suggested weights minimizing variance of the weighted sum Y=
where replacing 
by corresponding standardized scores 
, resulted equal correlation between Y and each 
1, 2, ….., n. However, determination of methodologically sound weights for computation of CI as weighted sum is difficult since no weighting system is beyond criticism (Greco, et al.2019). Comparison of health-status measures by Essink-Bot et al. (1987) found that none of the tools NHP, SF-36, COOP/WONCA charts, EQ-5D-5L performed uniformly as "best" or "worst. Both IHI and Health Index by NITI Aayog suffer from methodological limitations in terms of transformations used for scaling or normalization, methods of finding weights and aggregation methods without ensuring aggregation consistency. One of the major issues in health index of public health at a given year (
is meaningful aggregation of healthrelated dimensions and constituent indicators facilitating better comparisons, tracking changes over time, identification of critical areas for taking corrective action (policy intervention) and monitoring health trends. Aggregation method to arrive at the index to satisfy desirable properties including aggregation of 
over all sub-groups (like regions, genders, age/income categories, urban & rural, etc.). Translation invariance requires that the index remains the same regardless of the spatial position i.e. numerical descriptors are shifted but not altered. Avoiding scaling, selection of weights and distributions of indicator scores, multiplicative aggregation of ratios of n-indicators in the t-th year and a fixed base year as 
= 
is suggested satisfying translation invariance and aggregation consistency i.e. the index for the country = aggregation of index of all regions = aggregation of index of all domains = product of index formed for each indicator. Priorities can be decided by relative importance of the indicators computed by change in the index due to unit increase in an indicator. Properties satisfied by the index and associated benefits are discussed.
Literature survey:
A chosen indicator varies across regions of a country indicating health disparities (Fineberg, 2025).“Burden of Disease” could be a chosen domain or a chosen indicator reflecting mortality (such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, etc.) and also burdens in terms of disability (such as low back pain, dementia, mental depression, substance use disorder). Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE), Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY), Quality adjusted life year (QALY), etc. requiring medical interventions merit inclusion. Burden of injuries is a neglected area since injuries are reported as accidents or crime obtained from police records which are often under-reported and may not help to adopt strategy for prevention of injury and prevent lives and disability (Dandona et al. 2017). Similarly, institutional capacities may be extended to strengthening local health departments, core health agencies, rebuilding the public health workforce, pandemic preparedness and incorporating tools of contemporary data science into public health and pursuing strategic health research agenda (Fineberg, 2025). Data driven processes in setting priorities was suggested by Baltussen et al. (2016). Predictive, responsive, integrated, and tiered public health system (PHS) based on individual-levels information of patients were emphasized in Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in India (Blanchard et al.2020). Such PHS can better reflect qualities of health care services and other sources along with rationalized referral networks and improved laboratory capacity. Assessment of performance of players of public health interventions and their co-ordinations at local, state, and government levels require different set of indicators. Health care expenditure as percentage of GDP is an obvious choice of indicator, but views expressed against “Dollar for Health”. For example, life expectancy at birth for US is less than the average of the same for OECD countries despite spending 18% of GDP by US on medical care and hospital services (NRC and IOM, 2013). Higher expenditures in social services associated with public health have positive influence in health outcomes (Bradley et al., 2016). Setting public health priorities need longer horizon to cover among others demographical changes. For example, increasing share of elderly population having less income and constant or increased consumption with multimorbidity, impairments, disability, psycho-social problems is a major public health concerns at global level and is likely to increase in future periods. Thus, elderly population is a vulnerable group for which separate set of priorities may be required. Domains of Health Index 2021 assigned equal weights to indicators in a domain such that weights are proportional to their importance with the health impacts. Details are shown in Table 1.
| Domain | Sub-domain | Larger States | Smaller States | UTs | |||
| Weight | No. of indicators | Weight | No. of indicators | Weight | No. of indicators | ||
| Health Outcomes | Key outcomes | 500 | 5 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 |
| Intermediate outcomes | 300 | 6 | 300 | 6 | 250 | 5 | |
| Governance and information | Health Monitoring & Data Integrity | 70 | 1 | 70 | 1 | 70 | 1 |
| Governance | 60 | 2 | 60 | 2 | 60 | 2 | |
| Key inputs/ Processes | Health system/Service delivery | 200 | 10 | 200 | 10 | 200 | 10 |
| Total | 1130 | 24 | 730 | 20 | 680 | 19 | |
Table-1: Domain-wise sub-domains, weights and number of indicators
Observations:
Observations:
proportion up to 50 for smaller states 
proportion up to 45 for UTs for Aspirants.
where weight and scale value of the i-th indicator are denoted respectively by 
and 
. 
for positive indicator and
for negative indicator
where 
denotes the scaled value corresponding to the raw value (
of the i-th indicator satisfying 
and higher 
implies better performance. But, 
were based on values of across all regions (Larger States, Smaller States, and UTs) for that year. 
could be outliers and get changed for different years. A change in 
can change ranking of 
is not meaningful if 
is in ratio or percentage or in ordinal level. The fixed zero-point of an indicator measured in ratio or percentage gets altered by Min-Max transformation. Accordingly, 3rd root and 4th root of average of figures in percentage were considered by Human Poverty Index (UNDP, 2007).
and 
and value of the Index may not be comparable with previous choices of the years.The India Health Index (IHI) used logarithmic of value of each indicator and were standardized to have zero mean and unit standard deviation (SD) and combined as weighted sum where weights were obtained by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (Sehgal et al. 2024). IHI was computed at the district level. Reliability and validity of IHI were obtained respectively by Cronbach alpha and correlation with U5MR from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) (0.74) and Subnational Human Development Index (SHDI) (0.87). The SHDI is a version of the Human Development Index (HDI) with a broader indicator of overall quality of life. Major criticisms against IHI based on cross-sectional data are:
> 
but 
< 
(Kovacevic, 2011). Moreover, logarithmic transformation fails to satisfy desired properties like translation invariance and consistency in aggregation (Chakravarty, 2003). The scaling methods used in IHI and Health Index 2021 have advantages and disadvantages.
Different methods of normalization can change differently distributions of scaled scores and affect the final index. It is better to construct multidimensional index avoiding
scaling/normalization and weights. Ordinal scores fail to satisfy equidistant property due to unknown distance between levels (Rutter and Brown, 2017) leading to non- meaningful addition or subtraction of item/dimension scores (Jamieson, 2004). Meaningful 
may go beyond equal score range as emerges from Min-Max transformation and requires similar distributions of 
and 
leading to known distribution of 
say by convolution and enabling computation of 
(X= x, Y= z - x) or 
) dx for discrete case and continuous case respectively.
For a given country or region and a given year, let 
be the values of the n-chosen indicators with corresponding values 
in the base year pertaining to public health where high value of each indicator implies better public health. The indicators with varying degree of inter-correlations could be in different units or expressed as percentages, ratios, counts, in ratio or ordinal scales, or even biomarkers indicating responses to a specific intervention. The unit-free multidimensional index 
is suggested to be obtained as 
= 
or equivalently as geometric mean (GM) as 
Properties and Benefits:
is not affected by change of units and is least affected by outliers
1% improvement in 
if all others are unchanged. or for different vulnerable groups and for each domain satisfying: 
=
= 
.
and public health priorities of the country can be decided accordingly. Similarly, priorities for a region can be decided by 
<1 src="https://auctoresonline.org/uploads/articles/1751109358image16.png"> <1>t+1)-th year over the previous year. Such indicators can be found by observing the ratios for which 
<1>
*100provided 
. The ratio indicates ability of the index to change with time i.e. responsiveness and also effectiveness of public health policies and programmes in the country. The reverse inequality indicates decline in (t+1)-th year from t-th year. Similarly, extent of progress or decline of J-th region can be quantified by 
*100
and facilitates formation of chain indices since 
of improvement/decline of a country or a region across time with respect to fixed or varying reference period. Zigzag progress paths may throw light on when and where actual achievement went wrong and facilitate better planning. Such paths also help to compare regions in long time span.
= 
implies 
[
. Thus,SD of 
is equal to Geometric standard deviation (GSD) since
log(GSD of 
) = SD of log
, log
, ………, log
, which in turn can be used to compute coefficient of variation (CV) to indicate consistency of the data.
and to test equality of mean of two GMs by t-tests based on logarithms of the observations.Major limitations of arithmetic aggregation of indicators in different units are avoided by the proposed index generating continuous, monotonic scores satisfying desired properties including country index = aggregation of index of all regions = aggregation of index of all domains = product of index formed for each indicator. Thus, the index 
satisfies translation invariance and aggregation consistency and helps to decide public health priorities by relative importance of the indicators, by change in 
due to unit change in 
for the j-th indicator. Other benefits of the proposed index include ranking and classification of regions, identification of critical indicators, assessing progress or decline in successive years reflecting effectiveness of public health policies and programmes, drawing path of progress/decline of the index across time, and facilitating better statistical inferences based on logarithms of the observations. The proposed index with improved quality of measurement facilitates meaningful comparisons and is critically relevant to players involved in public health including planners and researchers. The index can be multiplied by 100 to indicate percentage change in t-th period over the base period.
Proposed method of aggregation irrespective of inter-correlations among a number of indicators under a finite number of domains satisfying desired properties and offering benefits of aggregation consistency has clear theoretical advantages and is recommended. There is no alternate way but to elevating the quality of health care, for all citizens enabling India to reach Amritkaal to fulfill the nation’s aspirations. Future studies may be undertaken on how health is affected by anticipated future developments like climate change or increased potential of artificial intelligence.
Acknowledgement: Nil
Funding details: No funds, grants, or other support was received
Competing interests: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare
Conflict of interests: No potential conflict of interest is reported.
Informed Consent: Not applicable
Data availability: No data used in this methodological paper CRediT statement: The single author is involved in Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing- Original draft preparation, Writing- Reviewing and Editing
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Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
