[email protected]
+1-(302)-520-2644
+1-(302)-520-2644

COVID-19 Incidence and Post-COVID Syndrome in Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses

  1. Home
  2. Journals
  3. Psychology and Mental Health Care
  4. Articles In Press
Submit Guidelines

Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/286

COVID-19 Incidence and Post-COVID Syndrome in Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses

  • Asmin Yurtsever

MSc Social Sciences, Clinical Psychology Leiden University the Netherlands

*Corresponding Author: Asmin Yurtsever, MSc Social Sciences, Clinical Psychology Leiden University the Netherlands.

Citation: Asmin Yurtsever, (2025), COVID-19 Incidence and Post-COVID Syndrome in Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses, Psychology and Mental Health Care, 9(3): DOI: 10.31579/2637-8892/286

Copyright: © 2025, Asmin Yurtsever. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 05 June 2024 | Accepted: 23 January 2025 | Published: 03 March 2025

Keywords: covid-19 infection; post-covid syndrome; mental health disorders; long covid; covid-19

Abstract

Unveiling the connection between mental health and COVID-19, this study delves into pre-existing disorders' impact on susceptibility and post-COVID syndrome. By meticulously reviewing 29 publications, including 52 effect-size estimates from renowned databases, intriguing insights emerge. Surprisingly, individuals with mental health disorders don't exhibit a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. However, the study unveils a compelling revelation - they face a heightened likelihood of post-COVID syndrome. While SARS-CoV-2 infection risk isn't elevated in this group, vulnerability to post-COVID complications prevails. With a profound grasp of limitations and strengths, the findings ripple with implications, urging greater support and care for this resilient population. By recognizing their unique needs, we can pave the way for better health outcomes in a post-pandemic world.

I-Introduction:

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic crisis rapidly escalated into a global pandemic, with more than 767 million individuals infected and 6.9 million deaths as of June 2023 (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023). The pandemic resulted in a burden of potential years of life lost over a decade and has indeed influenced our lives in one way or another. When the pandemic escalated quickly, researchers started investigating factors that may cause some individuals to be more vulnerable (Solis et al., 2020). Literature on past pandemics and natural disasters suggests that numerous factors could make it more likely for people with mental illnesses to contract COVID-19. These vulnerability factors include insomnia, higher prevalence of somatic comorbidities, impaired immune system, chronic stress exposure, poor health behavior, difficulties in evaluating health information and adhering to preventive behaviors, limitations in access to health care, homelessness, or living in areas where the risk of contagion is higher. All of these are related to infection risk and disease course and are frequently present in people who have poor mental health (Chireh et al., 2019; Chrousos, 2009; Shinn & Viron, 2020). Some researchers (e.g., Shinn & Viron, 2020; Wang et al., 2021b) have expressed their concerns that people with a pre-existing mental health disorder may be at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and that the outcomes of the disease may be worse. Although, before the COVID-19 pandemic, it was estimated that 20-25% of adults are suffering from mental health disorders (450 million globally, 84 million, i.e., 1 out of 6, in the EU (European Union) countries; OECD, 2018), research on the potential effects of (pre-existing) mental health disorders on COVID-19 infection risk, and outcomes of the infection are not yet fully understood. Existing literature on the relationship between COVID-19 susceptibility and various types of mental health disorders is scarce and provides inconsistent findings. A South Korean population-based study found no significant differences in COVID-19 infection rates between psychiatric patients and the general population (Lee et al., 2020); in contrast, a US cohort found that having a psychiatric diagnosis may be a unique risk factor for infection (Taquet et al., 2020). This is in line with three other studies reporting an elevated risk of testing positive for COVID-19 (Liu et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021b; Yang et al., 2020). Nevertheless, Goldenberg et al. (2022) found a lower infection rate among people with a history of psychiatric hospitalization, particularly those with a history of drug or alcohol abuse. Similar results were found in a large-scale cohort study in Israel (Tzur-Bitan et al., 2022), a large cohort study in the USA (Egede et al., 2021), and a population-based study conducted in the UK (van der Meer et al., 2020). It is also controversial whether individuals with different mental health disorders have various susceptibility risks to a COVID-19 infection. Studies seem to differ in their findings. It was hypothesized that people with schizophrenia might be more susceptible to transmissions of COVID-19 (Fonseca et al., 2020; Kozloff et al., 2020; Moreno et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021b) for several reasons. For example, patients with schizophrenia have a dysregulated immune system (Rodrigues-Amorim et al., 2018), cognitive impairments, lower risk awareness, and barriers to adequate housing (Yao et al., 2020a) and timely access to preventative health care (Knaak et al., 2017), poverty (Burns et al., 2014) and difficulties adopting and adhering to the protective measures (Maguire et al., 2019) due to impairments in insight and decision-making capacity (Larkin & Hutton, 2017). However, Tzur-Bitan et al. (2021) and Texeria et al. (2021) reported contradicting results. They showed that individuals with schizophrenia were less likely to be tested positive for COVID-19, while Merzon et al. (2021) found no significant association. Similar to the relationship between schizophrenia and COVID-19 infection, the relationship between mood disorders, anxiety disorder, neurodevelopmental disorders, substance use disorder, and COVID-19 risk is also unclear. For example, some studies showed increased susceptibility to COVID-19 in people with mood and anxiety disorders (Neelam et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021b), substance abuse disorders (SUD) such as tobacco use disorder, alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, injected drug use disorder, cocaine use disorder, and opioid use disorder (Wang et al., 2021a), and attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD; Breaux et al., 2021; Cohen et al., 2022; Merzon et al., 2021, Neelam et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021b). On the contrary, other studies reported lower rates of COVID-19 infection in people with mood disorders (Texeria et al., 2021) and drug or alcohol abuse (Goldberger et al., 2022). In addition, some studies did not find a significant positive relationship between the COVID-19 infection rate and mental health disorders; for example, people with depression or anxiety (Ceban et al., 2021), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Merzon et al., 2021). In a nutshell, the existing literature on the effects of (pre-existing) various mental health disorders in COVID-19 susceptibility is not only scarce but also inconsistent. To better understand how different mental health disorders are affected by the virus, a systematic review is needed.

Pre-Existing Mental Health Disorders and Post-COVID Syndrome

After 2.5 years, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic remains a worldwide health problem. Illness severity and its outcomes vary from person to person. Yet, recent studies demonstrated that an increasing number of patients experience prolonged symptoms of the COVID-19 virus (Our World in Data, 2022; Petersen et al., 2021). Post-COVID syndrome, also known as a long-COVID condition, is a complicated and increasingly recognized illness. It is characterized by prolonged diverse symptoms in which some infected patients do not recover for several weeks or months after the onset of COVID-19 infection (Nabavi, 2020; WHO, 2022). Post-COVID syndrome has recently been reported to cause a variety of neurological and mental symptoms such as fatigue, chest pain, breathlessness, body aches, cognitive impairment, insomnia, headaches, anxiety, and depression (Carfi et al., 2020; Chopra et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021). In addition to these symptoms, those with post-COVID syndrome reported a diminished quality of life, employment problems, issues with their physical and cognitive abilities, and difficulties participating in society (Aiyegbusi et al., 2021; Tobacof et al., 2022). According to Carfi et al. (2021)’s underestimated calculations, at least 10% of COVID-19 survivors suffer from persistent COVID-19 symptoms, which means approximately 6 million people are at risk of post-COVID syndrome globally. Further, according to the U.K.'s Office for National Statistics (2022), post-COVID syndrome symptoms negatively impacted 1.6 million people (73% of those with self-reported long COVID). Among them, 333,000 people reported that their capacity to carry out daily activities had been restricted a lot. The research on post-COVID syndrome has increased, yet the patient profile, associated problems, long-term effects, and the timeline of the disease remain unknown (d'Ettorre et al., 2022). According to limited observational data, patients who require intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or ventilatory support appear to be at an increased risk of developing post-COVID syndrome (Halpin et al., 2021), even though sequelae are also seen in individuals with mild to moderate symptoms (Davis et al., 2021; Lemhöfer et al., 2021). It is also known that comorbidities such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, chronic arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and alcohol and tobacco addiction are correlated with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 (de Miranda et al., 2022; Panda et al., 2022; Sargin Altunok et al., 2022; Zhu et al., 2022). Although the prognosis of the novel post-COVID syndrome is unknown, it is likely to be determined by the comorbid conditions, the severity of clinical symptoms, and treatment response. Recently, de Miranda et al. (2022) showed that the symptoms mentioned earlier were correlated with the severity of the disease, and the severity of acute infection mainly determined the duration of symptoms in post-COVID    drome. Thus far, the attempts to identify mutual characteristics of patients with post-COVID syndrome have yielded somewhat inconsistent findings. For instance, Sudre et al. (2021) followed more than 4000 COVID patients. They identified a number of factors that anticipated post-COVID syndrome, such as being over 70 years old, being female, having more than five symptoms during the first week of illness, and having comorbidities. However, Cirulli et al. (2020) revealed that the post-COVID syndrome risk factor was having more than five symptoms during the disease course, not sex or comorbidities. Similarly, Stavem et al. (2021) conducted a four-month follow-up study with 434 COVID-19 patients and found that the presence of at least 10 symptoms during acute COVID-19 was found to be a risk factor for post-COVID syndrome. Although some studies concluded that having comorbid disorders is a risk factor for post-COVID syndrome, studies that investigated mental health disorders as comorbid disorders are scarce. Townsend et al. (2020) demonstrated that COVID-19 patients who experienced persistent fatigue 10 weeks after discharge were more likely to be females and have a history of being diagnosed with anxiety or depression or taking antidepressants. Similarly, Poyraz et al. (2020) found that female sex and history of psychiatric illness were risk factors for experiencing persistent COVID-19 symptoms. The lack of information on why some people suffer from post-COVID syndrome and how the human body recovers from post-COVID syndrome is still an ongoing challenge for science, with inconsistent data thus far.

Research Objectives and Implications

Given the complex interactions between COVID-19 infection and mental disorders, a thorough, meticulous meta-analysis is required to evaluate the overall and type-specific risk of mental health disorders for COVID-19 infection and clinical outcomes. Furthermore, there is a need for studies to review several types of mental disorders to understand better who is affected by the virus most and how the COVID-19 pandemic is impacting vulnerable populations. The pandemic has clearly given rise to a new wave of chronic, disabling problems that require considerable attention from the scientific and medical communities, and the absence of knowledge regarding why and how the human body is affected by the virus is a critical gap in the literature. The existing literature on post-COVID syndrome is limited, especially when it comes to who is affected and to what extent. However, its significant effects, from raised healthcare expenses to productivity losses on people, societies, and countries, are clear. Given the swiftly increased number of people presenting with COVID-19 sequelae, the acquisition of the most correct knowledge about the illness is a necessary step for humans to survive this pandemic. Nonetheless, to the best of my knowledge, no meta-analysis systematically investigated the relationship between pre-existing mental disorders subtypes (e.g., psychotic disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders) and COVID-19 infection rate and associated post-COVID syndrome. The aim of this study is to assess whether preexisting mental health disorders are associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 susceptibility and post-COVID syndrome. Therefore, I conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between mental health disorders and the risk of COVID-19 infection and disease outcomes for general and type-specific mental health disorders. I have two main objectives: (1) I calculate the pooled overall estimates of the association between mental and neurological disorders and COVID-19 susceptibility, (2) I evaluate the relationship between specific mental health disorders and the risk of developing persistent covid outcomes. 

Hypotheses

(1) People with pre-existing mental disorders are more prone to be infected with the COVID-19 virus relative to people without pre-existing existing mental health disorders. 

(2) It is expected that people with pre-existing mental health disorders are more likely to suffer from post-COVID syndrome relative to people without pre-existing mental health disorders.

Methods

Registration and Protocol

This systematic review with meta-analyses is a sub-project of a larger research project, and the protocol for the project has been preregistered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021269432) and the Open Science Foundation (https://osf.io/35jhm/registrations). This meta-analysis complied with MOOSE (Stroup et al., 2000) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher et al., 2009).

Search Strategy and Study Selection

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and the preprint server Biorxiv.org, which was supplemented with a non-systematic search in Google Scholar. According to Bramer et al. (2017), this is the optimal database combination for a systematic literature search. Keywords such as (“COVID 19” OR COVID-19 OR COVID19 OR “SARS CoV-2” OR “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” OR coronavirus OR SARS-CoV OR SARS-CoV-2) AND (psychiatry OR mental OR “clinical psychology” OR substance use OR alcohol OR “illegal drugs” OR addiction OR dependence OR depress* OR mood OR “adjustment disorder” OR Bipolar OR mania OR schizophrenia OR psychosis OR psychotic OR anxi* OR PTSD OR “post-traumatic stress disorder” OR “adjustment disorder” OR “somatic symptom disorder” OR “eating disorders” OR “Binge eating” OR anorexia OR ADHD OR “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” OR “conduct disorder”) were used to filter the intended studies from inception up to August 11, 2022. Papers written in English, Dutch, Spanish, German, or French were included in the search. Additionally, reference lists of reviews and meta-analyses that might meet the inclusion criteria were hand-searched from the found eligible articles for more potential articles. Duplicate articles were removed using EndNote 20. The articles have independently assessed for their eligibility for inclusion. The first decision on eligibility was based on titles and abstracts of the potential articles and the second (final) decision was based on full texts. Then the inclusion and exclusion decisions were cross-checked, and any discrepancy was solved by discussion.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The articles were included if they (1) reported SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and/or course of COVID-19 for patients with preexisting mental disorders vs. controls, (2) were written in English, German, French, Spanish, Arabic, or Dutch, and (3) patients were diagnosed with mental disorders according to DSM or ICD. The articles were excluded if (1) the full text could not be retrieved or (2) no relevant outcome data could be extracted, even after the corresponding authors of the article were contacted, (3) no original data were reported (e.g., opinion papers, reviews) or if (4) the mental health disorder diagnoses were based on self-report questionnaires. If the articles reported overlapping data sets, only the most comprehensive information in line with this study's purpose was included to avoid data duplication.

The exposure of interest was pre-existing mental health disorders assessed according to diagnostic systems such as ICD 9 or 10 (World Health Organization, 1979, 1993) or DSM-4 or 5 (American Psychiatric Association, 1992, 2013). The outcomes of interests were (1) a relative infection rate in people with mental health disorders that were presented as the percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive tests, and (2) a COVID-19 outcome variable, defined by a post-COVID syndrome, in other words, long COVID.

Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

The extraction included basic study information such as first author, year of publication, which country the study was conducted in, total sample size, number of participants with mental disorders, number of participants who developed the outcome of interest both in control and focus groups, psychiatric disorders, comorbidities, mean or median age, gender distribution, study design, the outcome of interests, outcome data as raw numbers or effect-size estimates, and corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI), and adjusted or unadjusted values.

The data extraction and methodological quality assessment of selected studies were independently conducted by the author and the supervisor by using The Quality Assessment Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies, which is a recommended and updated tool by the United States National Institute of Health (2021). 

Statistical Analyses

The analyses were performed in JASP version 14.1, and summary tables on the characteristics of eligible papers were created. The relationship between preexisting (both current and lifetime) mental disorders and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the post-COVID syndrome was assessed by pooling data by means of Random-effects meta-analyses. Both classical meta-analyses and Bayesian meta-analyses were used to analyze the data. 

Pooled data, accompanied by the 95% confidence interval (95% CIs), were analyzed. A p-value of < .05 was set as a statistical significance point. Cochran’s Q2 heterogeneity test and I2 statistic were used to assess statistical heterogeneity. Kendall’s Tau (Sterne et al., 2001) rank correlation test and Egger test were used to assess publication bias, and funnel plot asymmetry was used for visual inspection. When heterogeneity in outcome was detected, meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to explore study characteristics that could explain the heterogeneity.

Results

Study Selection and Characteristics

The initial database search yielded 67901 studies, and 42175 remained after removing duplicates. After screening titles and abstracts, 220 studies were found to be eligible. Among these eligible studies, 181 were further excluded after the full-text screening. Finally, 29 articles were eligible and included in this analysis (total sample size N = 85.064.921, average n per study = 2.933.273, with a range from 96 to 73.099.850; see Figure 1). Table A1 in the appendix lists all the articles included for full-text assessment and reasons for inclusion and exclusion. The flow chart (see Figure 1) summarizes the identification, screening, and inclusion of studies. Out of the previously mentioned 29 included articles, 25 examined the effect of pre-existing mental health disorders on the COVID-19 infection rate, and 4 assessed the effect of pre-existing mental health disorders on the post-COVID syndrome. The selection of articles for inclusion in the study was constrained by limited availability. Nonetheless, Cheung and Vijayakumar (2016) have posited the feasibility of employing a minimum of two studies when conducting a meta-analysis. Their examination of the requisite number of studies for such analyses revealed a spectrum spanning from three to 526 studies.

Table 1 provides demographic and clinical information on the samples of the studies included. Table 2 provides further information on the assessment of predictor variables, outcome variables, and study characteristics. The sample size ranged from 96 to 73099850 for the articles on infection risk, and from 646 to 5017431 for the articles on the post-COVID syndrome. The median sample size for infection risk was 48449, and 533821 for the post-COVID syndrome. The average age of the included samples ranged between 9 and 81 years. The percentage of females per sample ranged from 16 to 64%. The country of assessment varied, with the US being the most significant source of research.

Figure 1: Flowchart on identification, screening, and inclusion of eligible publications

ArticlesNAge

Discussion

The present meta-analysis aimed to examine the relationship between pre-existing mental health disorders and (1) COVID-19 susceptibility, and (2) post-COVID syndrome. To investigate this, the current literature was systematically reviewed. 

Susceptibility for COVID-19 Infection and Mental Health Disorders

The first hypothesis states that people with pre-existing mental disorders are more prone to be infected with the COVID-19 virus. To investigate this, the relationship between the COVID-19 infection rate and different mental disorders was examined. Even though some research has shown that having pre-existing mental health disorders puts individuals at a higher risk of getting infected by the COVID-19 virus (Breaux et al., 2021; Cohen et al., 2022; Fonseca et al., 2020; Kozloff et al., 2020; Merzon et al., 2021; Moreno et al., 2020; Neelam et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021b), the results of the current study did not support these findings. 

Post-COVID Syndrome and Mental Health Disorders

The second hypothesis states that people with pre-existing mental health disorders are more likely to suffer from post-COVID syndrome relative to people without pre-existing mental health disorders. In line with the hypothesis, the results showed that people with pre-existing mental health disorders are more likely to suffer from post-COVID syndrome. Similar results were seen in previous studies that examined the relationship between pandemics (Zhang et al., 2020) or chronic illnesses resulting from viral or non-viral viruses (Hickie et al., 2006) and mental health disorders. For example, both Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cause some persisting symptoms after infection. One of the long-lasting effects of SARS includes chronic fatigue syndrome, which has previously been found to have increased incidence in people with mental health disorders (Hickie et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2020). Given the shared symptoms of these diseases, it is possible to see similar effects in COVID-19 survivors. 

Alternatively, previous studies indicate that with some mental health disorders, such as mood disorders and substance abuse disorders, there is a heightened prevalence of somatic comorbidities, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (Barton et al., 2020; Coello et al., 2019; Dalack & Roose, 1990; Goldstein et al., 2020; Mansur et al., 2019). These somatic comorbidities are known to be associated with more severe COVID-19 manifestations (Sargin Altinok et al., 2022; Zaman et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2021). Also, the recent study by de Miranda et al. (2022) illustrated that the severity of the disease was the main determinant of the duration of the post-COVID syndrome. Although the exact mechanisms that explain the relationship between mental health disorders and post-COVID syndrome are not yet known, above mentioned associations may explain the underlying association between mental health disorders and post-COVID syndrome. 

Implications, Future Research, and Recommendations

The results of this study have several implications. From a research perspective, this systematic review and meta-analysis provided a valuable contribution to the literature by combining multiple studies and analyzing the above-mentioned associations. As mentioned earlier, there seems to be a discourse on the relationship between pre-existing mental health disorders and COVID-19 susceptibility, with some articles increasing but other research stating it is decreasing, and other literature concluding that there is no significant relation between the two. Combining, summarizing, and analyzing multiple individual pieces of research enabled us to have more representative and reliable results. The actual relationship between pre-existing mental health disorders and COVID-19 susceptibility has been better identified. Additionally, this study revealed that individuals with pre-existing mental health disorders are more prone to suffer from the prolonged effects of COVID-19. This study, therefore, provides a more comprehensive picture of the effects of pre-existing mental health disorders on COVID-19 susceptibility and on post-COVID syndrome. These findings have not been reported broadly elsewhere in the literature and could serve as a starting point for further research on the post-COVID syndrome. Future research, on the other hand, should focus on the effects of individual mental health disorders, and whether and how they play a role in these relationships. This meta-analysis included articles from December 2019 to August 11, 2022. The relevant research on the topics would increase in the following years, adding even larger sample sizes and more diverse data to be explored. Although large samples with well-powered studies were included, due to the limited published data, it was not possible to run moderator and sub-group analyses. Therefore, future studies should consider including more studies to further explore potential relationships.

From a preventive perspective, patients with mental health disorders should be considered at high risk for post-COVID syndrome. Policymakers should consider these results in new healthcare plans, insurance, vaccination policies, and health education campaigns, specifically in areas with limited importance and/or access to care for this vulnerable group. Governments and healthcare providers should work on interventions to decrease stigma related to mental health disorders and infections, and provide routine check-ups, especially during pandemics and epidemics. Previous research on disasters demonstrated that up to 40% of affected people seeking mental health support during or after a disaster have pre-existing mental health disorders (North & Pfefferbaum, 2013). It is also shown that the COVID-19 pandemic caused further adverse effects on mental health among people with pre-existing mental health disorders (Pan et al., 2020; Rheenen et al., 2020). Healthcare workers should be more aware of risk among high-risk groups and inform these patients about the effects of persistent symptoms of COVID-19, and better guide them on medical and mental aftercare. Although previous research (Chit et al., 2009) pointed out that the SARS virus could cause significant prolonged symptoms among people with and without a history of mental health disorders, we also witnessed how most countries poorly managed one of the biggest pandemics of humankind. New infectious epidemics will rise due to globalization (Wong, & Yuen, 2006), which means this pandemic is not the last one. Some precautions should be taken to better protect people with mental health disorders. While more research on pandemics is being conducted, current knowledge of disaster response management should be improved and applied when necessary. 

From a mental health treatment perspective, the results are relevant to the treatment of several mental health disorders. Considering people with mental health disorders are more prone to suffer from post-COVID syndrome and physical symptoms of this syndrome make it harder for individuals to travel, modern ways of digital communication allow them to receive the necessary support, treatment, intervention, and education in their homes (Salawu et al., 2020; Zhang, & Ho, 2017). Additionally, during the high peak season, many governments restricted face-to-face interactions and set social distancing and quarantining requirements. Therefore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, online consultations and smartphone telehealth apps (telerehabilitation and telepsychiatry) have rapidly increased (Li et al., 2020; Yao et al., 2020b). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is recommended for many mental health disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders and chronic fatigue syndrome (Castell et al., 2011; Cuijpers et al., 2016). Studies also showed that online CBT is an effective and efficient treatment tool with reduced travel time and cost and increased accessibility (Prvu Bettger & Resnik, 2020; Soh et al., 2020; Vugts et al., 2018). Thus, considering restrictive physical health consequences of post-COVID syndrome (e.g., tiredness and fatigue, and chronic fatigue syndrome), online treatment tools should be encouraged to treat people with post-COVID syndrome,

Strengths and Limitations

To my knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a quantitative estimate between the type-specific mental health disorders and COVID-19 susceptibility, as well as post-COVID syndrome risk in COVID-19 patients. The results of this meta-analysis were in line with a previous meta-analysis (Ceban et al., 2021). However, this study has a more robust analytical approach. First, the presented results were stratified by mental health disorder categories when possible. Second, this study has a strong methodological design in accordance with The Quality Assessment Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (United States National Institute of Health, 2021). Third, overall heterogeneity and the sample size were high. Lastly, this study endeavored to avoid including overlapping datasets.

The limitations of this systematic review and meta-analysis should be acknowledged. First, it is important to consider the limited number of studies included for the post-COVID syndrome. Hence the interpretation of the results does not provide a complete picture of stratified mental health disorders. Second, mental health disorders were defined according to ICD or DSM codes in insurance or government data. Although these are widely used, for better insurance benefits, some patients could be misdiagnosed, or there could be wrongly entered data in patient records. These administrative data may have high specificity but varied sensitivity (Wilchesky et al., 2004). Third, some studies have inadequately differentiated mental health disorders (i.e., they only stated mood disorders but not major depressive disorders or bipolar disorders), which could impact the result as they could show different characteristics. Although some studies had better distinctions than others, they were all grouped into the most appropriate category. Even though this study has high heterogeneity and sample size, heterogeneity could not always be explained with moderator and sub-group analyses. At last, the samples consisted of an unequal gender ratio and varying ages, and one study had no data on age and gender. This could cause limitations for the current study, while gender and age differences could result in experiencing the disease differently, because they may play a role in smoking behaviors and the prevalence of comorbidities (Mukherjee & Pahan, 2021; Ya'qoub et al., 2021).

Summary and Conclusion

This study consists of two meta-analyses investigating the relationship between pre-existing mental health disorders and susceptibility to COVID-19 (N = 83.962.693), and post-COVID syndrome (N = 1.102.228). The results of this study can be described as partially unexpected. The first analysis revealed that the infection rate for SARS-CoV-2 infection was not significantly different among people with and without pre-existing mental health disorders. However, the second analysis revealed that people with pre-existing mental health disorders are more likely to suffer from the post-COVID syndrome. These results suggest that although people with pre-existing mental health disorders are not statistically more at risk in terms of susceptibility to SARS-coV-19 infection, they are statistically more prone to suffer from persistent COVID-19 symptoms. Therefore, they should be categorized as an at-risk group based on pre-existing mental illness conditions, similar to people with pre-existing somatic conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, obesity). It is essential to note the increased prevalence of mental health disorders due to the COVID-19 pandemic (Taquet et al., 2021), as well as the emergence of the post-COVID syndrome, which can also cause mental health symptoms. In all, the results point out that public health authorities should consider close monitoring and adequate aftercare in patients with mental health disorders who got COVID-19. Future research should address how different mental health disorders interact with the post-COVID syndrome and how the COVID-19 infection influences the trajectory of the current mental health disorders.

References

  1. Abbasi-Oshaghi, E., Mirzaei, F., & Khodadadi, I. (2022). Alcohol misuse may increase the severity of COVID-19 infections. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(3), 847–848. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.452
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  2. Abdalbary, M., Kakani, E., Ahmed, Y., Shea, M., Neyra, J. A., & El-Husseini, A. (2022). Characteristics and outcomes of prisoners hospitalized due to COVID-19 disease. Clinical Nephrology, 97(4), 232–241. https://doi.org/10.5414/CN110658
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  3. Adamuz, J., González-Samartino, M., Jiménez-Martínez, E., Tapia-Pérez, M., López-Jiménez, M. M., Rodríguez-Fernández, H., Castro-Navarro, T., Zuriguel-Perez, E., Carratala, J, & Juvé-Udina, M. E. (2021). Risk of acute deterioration and care complexity individual factors associated with health outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: A multicentre cohort study. BMJ Open, 11(2), e041726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041726
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  4. Agoües, A. B., Gallego, M. S., Resa, R. H., Llorente, B. J., Arabi, M. L., Rodriguez, J. O., Acebal, H. P., Hernández, M. C., Ayala, I. C., Calero, P. P., Calle, M. L., Nieto, R. B., Messeguer, L. O., Mora, R. M., Sangra, R. A., & Perez-Porcuna, T. M. (2021). Risk factors for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in institutionalised elderly people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910221
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  5. Ahmadi, M., Sharifi, A., Dorosti, S., Ghoushchi, S. J., & Ghanbari, N. (2020). Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 729, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138705
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  6. Aiyegbusi, O. L., Hughes, S. E., Turner, G. M., Rivera, S. C., McMullan, C., Chandan, J. S., Haroon, S., Price, G. W., Davies, E. H., Nirantharakumar, K., Sapey, E., & Calvert, M. (2021). Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: A review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 114(9), 428–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768211032850
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  7. Al-Aly, Z., Bowe, B., & Xie, Y. (2022). Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Medicine, 28(7), 1461–1467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01840-0
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  8. Alizadehsani, R., Eskandarian, R., Behjati, M., Zahmatkesh, M., Roshanzamir, M., Izadi, N. H., Shoeibi, A., Haddadi, A., Khozeimeh, F., Sani, F, A., Sani, Z. A., Roshanzamir, Z,m Khosravi, A, Nahavandi, S., Sarrafzadegan, N., & Islam, S. M. S. (2022). Factors associated with mortality in hospitalized cardiovascular disease patients infected with COVID‐19. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, 10(3), e561. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.561
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  9. Allen, B., El Shahawy, O., Rogers, E. S., Hochman, S., Khan, M. R., & Krawczyk, N. (2021). Association of substance use disorders and drug overdose with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in New York City: January–October 2020. Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 462–465. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa241
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  10. Amin, M. M., Futrawan, R., & Husada, M. S. (2022). Correlation between schizophrenia and coronavirus disease in North Sumatera, Indonesia: A correlative analytical study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 896623. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.896623
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  11. Ao, G., Li, A., Wang, Y., Li, J., Tran, C., Chen, M., & Qi, X. (2022). Opioid usage and COVID-19 prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 56, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.048
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  12. Arbel, Y., Fialkoff, C., Kerner, A., & Kerner, M. (2020). Can reduction in infection and mortality rates from coronavirus be explained by an obesity survival paradox? An analysis at the US statewide level. International Journal of Obesity, 44(11), 2339–2342. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00680-7
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  13. Arbel, Y., Fialkoff, C., Kerner, A., & Kerner, M. (2021). Can increased recovery rates from Coronavirus be explained by prevalence of ADHD? An Analysis at the US Statewide Level. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(14), 1951–1954. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720959707
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  14. Ashkenazi, S. (2020, December 10). Israeli Health Ministry sets vaccination priorities. Globes, Israel Business News. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-israeli-health-ministry-sets-vaccination-priorities-1001352844
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  15. Attalla, S. M., Ibrahim, J., Ads, H., Abu Bakar, H., Abd Hamid, N. A., & Johar, M. G. M. (2021). Medical students’ perception for online learning during covid-19 pandemic: A case study in a Malaysian private medical school. International Journal of Medical Toxicology & Legal Medicine, 24, 75–80. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4614.2021.00011.5
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  16. Ayana, G. M., Merga, B. T., Birhanu, A., Alemu, A., Negash, B., & Dessie, Y. (2021). Predictors of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care hospital in Ethiopia. Infection and Drug Resistance, 14, 5363–5373. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S337699
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  17. Azar, K. M., Shen, Z., Romanelli, R. J., Lockhart, S. H., Smits, K., Robinson, S., Brown, S., & Pressman, A. R. (2020). Disparities in outcomes among COVID-19 patients in a large health care system in California: Study estimates the COVID-19 infection fatality rate at the US county level. Health Affairs, 39(7), 1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00598
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  18. Bailey, L. C., Razzaghi, H., Burrows, E., Bunnell, H. T., Camacho, P., Christakis, D. A., Eckrich, D., Kitzmiller, M., Lin, S., Magnusen, B., Newland, J. G., Pajor, N. M., Ranade, D., Rao, S., Sofela, O., Zahner, J., Bruno, C., & Forrest, C. B. (2021). Assessment of 135 794 pediatric patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 across the United States. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5052
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  19. Bajaj, S., Blair, K. S., Schwartz, A., Dobbertin, M., & Blair, R. J. R. (2020). Worry and insomnia as risk factors for depression during initial stages of COVID-19 pandemic in India. PloS One, 15(12), e0243527. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243527
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  20. Banoei, M. M., Dinparastisaleh, R., Zadeh, A. V., & Mirsaeidi, M. (2021). Machine-learning-based COVID-19 mortality prediction model and identification of patients at low and high risk of dying. Critical Care, 25(1), 328. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03749-5
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  21. Basrak, N., Mulcrone, N., Sharifuddin, S., Ghumman, Z., Bechan, N., Mohamed, E. A., Murray, M. F., Rajendran, H., Gunnigle, S., Nolan, M. D., Quane, T., Terao, M., Hoare, T., Kirrane, K., Kennedy, H. G., & Davoren, M. (2021). Risk of adverse outcome of COVID-19 among patients in secure psychiatric services: Observational cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.169
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  22. Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Luciano, M., Altschul, D. M., Kivimäki, M., & Gale, C. R. (2020). Psychosocial factors and hospitalisations for COVID-19: Prospective cohort study based on a community sample. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.021
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  23. Bayrak, M., & Çadirci, K. (2022). The associations of life quality, depression, and cognitive impairment with mortality in older adults with COVID-19: A prospective, observational study. Acta Clinica Belgica (English Ed. Online), 77(3), 588–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2021.1916687
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  24. Becker, C., Beck, K., Zumbrunn, S., Memma, V., Herzog, N., Bissmann, B., Gross, S., Loretz, N., Mueller, J., Amacher, S. A., Bohren, C., Schaefert, R., Bassetti, S., Fux, C., Mueller, B., Schuetz P., & Hunziker, S. (2021). Long COVID 1 year after hospitalisation for COVID-19: A prospective bicentric cohort study. Swiss Medical Weekly, 151, w30091. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2021.w30091
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  25. Beckwith, N., Probert, J., Rosenbaum, B. L., Bains, A., Angelucci, V. C., Morfin Rodriguez, A. E., London, S., Zollman, J. W., Ordonez, A. S., Kontos, N., Smith, F. A., Celano, C. M., & Beach, S. R. (2022). Demographic features, physical examination findings, and medication use in hospitalized, delirious patients with and without Covid-19 infection: A retrospective study. Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. 64(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2022.07.010
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  26. Bhargava, A., Sharma, M., Riederer, K., Fukushima, E. A., Szpunar, S. M., & Saravolatz, L. (2021). Risk factors for in-hospital mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 infection among black patients—an urban center experience. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(11), e4005–e4011. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1468
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  27. Bhopalwala, H., Dewaswala, N., Kolagatla, S., Wisnieski, L., Piercy, J., Bhopalwala, A., & Moka, N. (2022). Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 in the rural Appalachian Region. International Journal of General Medicine, 15, 2207–2214. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S355083
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  28. Bitan, D. T., Krieger, I., Kridin, K., Komantscher, D., Scheinman, Y., Weinstein, O., Cohen, A. D., Cicurel, A., & Feingold, D. L. (2021). COVID-19 prevalence and mortality among schizophrenia patients: A large-scale retrospective cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 47(5), 1211–1217. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab012
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  29. Bramer, W. M., Rethlefsen, M. L., Kleijnen, J., & Franco, O. H. (2017). Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: A prospective exploratory study. Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0644-y
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  30. Breaux, R., Dvorsky, M. R., & Becker, S. P. (2021). ADHD in COVID-19: Risk, resilience, and the rapid transition to telehealth. The ADHD Report, 29(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1521/adhd.2021.29.2.1
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  31. Breslau, J., Finucane, M. L., Locker, A. R., Baird, M. D., Roth, E. A., & Collins, R. L. (2021). A longitudinal study of psychological distress in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine, 143, 106362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106362
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  32. Brinkman, S., Termorshuizen, F., Dongelmans, D. A., Bakhshi-Raiez, F., Arbous, M. S., de Lange, D. W., de Keizer, N.F., & van Driel, E. M. (2022). Comparison of outcome and characteristics between 6343 COVID-19 patients and 2256 other community-acquired viral pneumonia patients admitted to Dutch ICUs. Journal of Critical Care, 68, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.12.007
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  33. Bruggmann, P., Senn, O., Frei, A., Puhan, M. A., Fehr, J., & Falcato, L. (2022). High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence but no severe course of COVID-19 disease among people on opioid agonist treatment in Zurich: A cross-sectional study. Swiss Medical Weekly, 152, w30122. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2022.w30122
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  34. Buonsenso, D., Pujol, F. E., Munblit, D., Pata, D., McFarland, S., & Simpson, F. K. (2022). Clinical characteristics, activity levels and mental health problems in children with long coronavirus disease: A survey of 510 children. Future Microbiology, 17(8), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2021-0285
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  35. Burns, J. K., Tomita, A., & Kapadia, A. S. (2014). Income inequality and schizophrenia: Increased schizophrenia incidence in countries with high levels of income inequality. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013481
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  36. Bushman, D., Davidson, A., Pathela, P., Greene, S. K., Weiss, D., Reddy, V., & Latash, J. (2021). Risk factors for death among hospitalized patients aged 21–64 years diagnosed with COVID-19—New York City, March 13–April 9, 2020. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(4), 1584–1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01098-1
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  37. Canal-Rivero, M., Catalán-Barragán, R., Rubio-García, A., Garrido-Torres, N., Crespo-Facorro, B., Ruiz-Veguilla, M., & Group, I. T. P. (2021). Lower risk of SARS-CoV2 infection in individuals with severe mental disorders on antipsychotic treatment: A retrospective epidemiological study in a representative Spanish population. Schizophrenia Research, 229, 53–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.002
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  38. Carey, I. M., Cook, D. G., Harris, T., DeWilde, S., Chaudhry, U. A. R., & Strachan, D. P. (2021). Risk factors for excess all-cause mortality during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in England: A retrospective cohort study of primary care data. PloS One, 16(12), e0260381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260381
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  39. Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., & Landi, F. (2020). Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA, 324(6), 603–605. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12603
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  40. Carrat, F., Touvier, M., Severi, G., Meyer, L., Jusot, F., Lapidus, N., Rahib, D., Lydié, N., Charles, M., Ancel, P., Rouquette, A., De Lamballerie, X., Zins, M., & Bajos, N. (2021). Incidence and risk factors of COVID-19-like symptoms in the French general population during the lockdown period: A multi-cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05864-8
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  41. Caspersen, I. H., Magnus, P., & Trogstad, L. (2022). Excess risk and clusters of symptoms after COVID-19 in a large Norwegian cohort. European Journal of Epidemiology, 37(5), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-022-00847-8
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  42. Castell, B. D., Kazantzis, N., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome: A meta‐analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18(4), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01262.x.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  43. Ceban, F., Nogo, D., Carvalho, I. P., Lee, Y., Nasri, F., Xiong, J., Lui, L. M., Subramaniapillai, M., Gill, H., Liu, R. N., Joseph, P., Teopiz, K. M., Cao, B., Mansur, R. B., Lin, K., Rosenblat, J. D., Ho, R. C., & McIntyre, R. S. (2021). Association between mood disorders and risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(10), 1079–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1818
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  44. Cevik, M., Bamford, C. G. G., & Ho, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic—a focused review for clinicians. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(7), 842–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.023
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  45. Chang, T., Ding, Y., Freund, M. K., Johnson, R. E., Schwarz, T., Yabu, J. M., Hazlett, C., Chiang, J. N., Wulf, A., Geschwind, D. H., Butte, M. J., & Pasaniuc, B. (2020). Prior diagnoses and medications as risk factors for COVID-19 in a Los Angeles Health System. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.03.20145581
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  46. Chaudhary, A., Singh, U. P., Paudel, P., Thapa, N., Khadka, K., Sah, P. K., Kamar, S. B., Joshi, J., Ansari, K., Tiwari, S. P., Sharma, S., Jaiswal, S. K., Joshi, R. C., Baskota, S., Tiwari, A. P., & Pandey, H. C. (2022). Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized adults with COVID-19 in Nepal: A multicenter, prospective cohort study. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 16(03), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13881
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  47. Chen, S., Fernandez-Egea, E., Jones, P. B., Lewis, J. R., & Cardinal, R. N. (2021). Longer-term mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with severe mental illness: Retrospective case-matched study. BJPsych Open, 7(6), e201. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.1046
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  48. Chen, S., Jones, P. B., Underwood, B. R., Fernandez‐Egea, E., Qin, P., Lewis, J. R., & Cardinal, R. N. (2021). Risk factors for excess deaths during lockdown among older users of secondary care mental health services without confirmed COVID‐19: A retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(12), 1899–1907. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5610
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  49. Cheung, M. W., & Vijayakumar, R. (2016). A guide to conducting a Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 26(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-016-9319-z
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  50. Chopra, V., Flanders, S. A., O’Malley, M., Malani, A. N., & Prescott, H. C. (2021). Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(4), 576-578. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-5661
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  51. Chung, F., Waseem, R., Pham, C., Penzel, T., Han, F., Bjorvatn, B., Morin, C. M., Holzinger, B., Espie, C. A., Benedict, C., Cedernaes, J., Saaresranta, T., Wing, Y. K., Nadorff, M. R., Dauvilliers, Y., De Gennaro, L., Plazzi, G., Merikanto, I., Matsui, K., . . . Fernandes, A. (2021). The association between high risk of sleep apnea, comorbidities, and risk of COVID-19: A population-based international harmonized study. Sleep and Breathing, 25(2), 849–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02373-5
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  52. Clouston, S. A. P., Luft, B. J., & Sun, E. (2021). Clinical risk factors for mortality in an analysis of 1375 patients admitted for COVID treatment. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 23414. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02920-w
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  53. Coello, K., Hansen, T. H., Sørensen, N., Munkholm, K., Kessing, L. V., Pedersen, O., & Vinberg, M. (2019). Gut microbiota composition in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 75, 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418815987
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  54. Cohen, H. A., Gerstein, M., Yaniv, N., Richenberg, Y., Jacobson, E., Marton, S., Hoshen, M., & Zemer, V. S. (2021). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for COVID-19 infection. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(7), 985–990. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547211044217
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  55. Cosco, T. D., Fortuna, K., Wister, A., Riadi, I., Wagner, K., & Sixsmith, A. (2021). COVID-19, social isolation, and mental health among older adults: A Digital Catch-22. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(5), e21864. https://doi.org/10.2196/21864
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  56. Crook, H., Raza, S., Nowell, J., Young, M., & Edison, P. (2021). Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ (Online), 374, n1648. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1648
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  57. Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. (2016). How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta‐analytic update of the evidence. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20346
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  58. Dai, X., Shao, Y., Ren, L., Tao, W., & Wang, Y. (2022). Risk factors of COVID-19 in subjects with and without mental disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.024
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  59. Dalack, G. W., & Roose, S. P. (1990). Perspectives on the relationship between cardiovascular disease and affective disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51Suppl, 4–11.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  60. Dang, L. T., Luong, T. C., Nguyen, D., Hoang, T. X., Nguyen, H. T., Nguyen, H., Duong, T. H., Tran, T. T., Pham, L., Ngo, T., Nguyen, H. H., Trieu, N. T., V, T., DO, Trinh, M. V., Ha, T. H., Phan, D. T., N, B., DO, Yang, S., Wang, T. J., & Van Duong, T. (2022). The associations of suspected COVID-19 symptoms with anxiety and depression as modified by hemodialysis dietary knowledge: A multi-dialysis center study. Nutrients, 14(12), 2364. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122364
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  61. Das, A., Halder, A., Patil, R. S., & Harshe, D. G. (2021). Susceptibility of clinically depressed patients to COVID-19: Is there a link? Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(1), 112–113. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_850_20
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  62. Davis, H. M., Assaf, G. S., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Low, R. J., Re’em, Y., Redfield, S., Austin, J. P., & Akrami, A. (2021). Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine, 38, 101019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  63. De Leon, J., Ruan, C. J., Verdoux, H., & Wang, C. (2020). Clozapine is strongly associated with the risk of pneumonia and inflammation. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100183. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2019-100183
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  64. De Miranda, A., Gomes, S. A., Filgueiras, P. S., Corsini, C. A., Almeida, N. B. F., Silva, R. S. F., Medeiros, M. F. T., Vilela, R., Fernandes, G., & Grenfell, R. F. Q. (2022). Long COVID-19 syndrome: A 14-months longitudinal study during the two first epidemic peaks in Southeast Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 116(11), 1007–1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trac030
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  65. De Picker, L., Dias, M. C., Benros, M. E., Vai, B., Branchi, I., Benedetti, F., Borsini, A., Leza, J. C., Kärkkäinen, H., Männikkö, M., Pariante, C. M., Güngör, E. S., Szczegielniak, A., Tamouza, R., Van Der Markt, A., Fusar-Poli, P., Beezhold, J., & Leboyer, M. (2021). Severe mental illness and European COVID-19 vaccination strategies. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(5), 356–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00046-8
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  66. D’Andrea, V., Fiore, V., Princic, E., Geremia, N., Napodano, C. M. P., Muredda, A. A., Maida, I., Madeddu, G., & Babudieri, S. (2021). Predictors of infection, symptoms development, and mortality in people with SARS-CoV-2 living in retirement nursing homes. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0248009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248009
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  67. D’Ettorre, G., Cacciola, E., Santinelli, L., De Girolamo, G., Spagnolello, O., Russo, A., Tarsitani, L., Ciccozzi, M., Mastroianni, C. M., D’Ettorre, G., & Ceccarelli, G. (2021). Covid‐19 sequelae in working age patients: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(3), 858–868. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27399
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  68. Diaz, A., Baweja, R., Bonatakis, J. K., & Baweja, R. (2021). Global health disparities in vulnerable populations of psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. World Journal of Psychiatry, 11(4), 94–108. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i4.94
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  69. Díaz-Simón, R., Lalueza, A., Lora-Tamayo, J., Rubio-Rivas, M., Mendo, C. L., Martínez, M. L. T., Méndez, C. A., Fontán, P. M. P., Cruz, A. F., Cabrera, J. L. R., Rodríguez, B. C., Rubio, A. E., De Ávila, V. S. R., García, G. M. G., Osorio, L. C., González-Fernández, M., Noya, A. G., Wittel, M. B., Fernandez, F. A., . . . Lumbreras, C. (2021). Clinical characteristics and risk factors of respiratory failure in a cohort of young patients requiring hospital admission with SARS-CoV2 infection in Spain: Results of the multicenter SEMI-COVID-19 registry. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(10), 3080–3087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07066-z
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  70. Diminich, E., Clouston, S., & Luft, B. (2022). Risk factors associated with SARS-COV-2 infection and COVID-19 related depression among immigrant Latino essential workers in Suffolk County, New York. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 91(9), S197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.02.507
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  71. Djuric, O., Mancuso, P., Zannini, A., Nicolaci, A., Massari, M., Zerbini, A., Belloni, L., Collini, G., Sampaolesi, F., Celotti, A., Boni, I., & Rossi, P. G. (2021). Are individuals with substance use disorders at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Population-based registry study in Northern Italy. European Addiction Research, 27(4), 263–267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515101
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  72. Egede, C., Dawson, A. Z., Walker, R. J., Garacci, E., Campbell, J. A., & Egede, L. E. (2021). Relationship between mental health diagnoses and COVID-19 test positivity, hospitalization, and mortality in Southeast Wisconsin. Psychological Medicine, 53(3), 927–935. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721002312
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  73. Englett, B., Magdalany, A., Gordon, T. N., & Holladay, K. (2021). COVID-19 reinfection in a patient with a serious mental illness within a long-term inpatient psychiatric care hospital. The Mental Health Clinician, 11(5), 292–296. https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2021.09.292
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  74. Essau, C. A., & de la Torre-Luque, A. (2021). Adolescent psychopathological profiles and the outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 110, 110330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110330
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  75. Fabelo-Roche, J. R., Iglesias-Moré, S., & Gómez-García, A. C. (2021). Persons with substance abuse disorders and other addictions: Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic. MEDICC Review, 23(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.37757/mr2021.v23.n2.2
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  76. Fares-Otero, N. E., Trautmann, S., Pfaltz, M. C., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, R. (2021). Targeting adverse stress-related consequences of the COVID-19 crisis in individuals with psychotic disorders and childhood maltreatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 138, 453–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.031
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  77. Feijt, M., De Kort, Y., Bongers, I., Bierbooms, J., Westerink, J., & IJsselsteijn, W. (2020). Mental health care goes online: Practitioners' experiences of providing mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(12), 860–864. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0370
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  78. Fitzgerald, K. C., Shah, A. A., Douglas, M., Harris, S. P., Aravidis, B., Albayda, J., Sotirchos, E. S., Hoke, A., Orbai, A. M., Petri, M., Christopher-Stine, L., Baer, A. N., Paik, J. J., Adler, B. L., Tiniakou, E., Timlin, H., Bhargava, P., Newsome, S. D., Venkatesan, A., . . . Metz, L. M. (2021). Risk factors for infection and health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in people with autoimmune diseases. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.03.21251069.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  79. Fonseca, L., Diniz, E., Mendonca, G., Malinowski, F., Mari, J., & Gadelha, A. (2020). Schizophrenia and COVID-19: Risks and recommendations. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 236–238. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0010
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  80. Evans, R. J., Leavy, O., Richardson, M., Elneima, O., McCauley, H., Shikotra, A., Singapuri, A., Sereno, M., Saunders, R. S., Harris, V. G., Houchen-Wolloff, L., Aul, R., Beirne, P., Bolton, C. E., Brown, J. S., Choudhury, G., Diar-Bakerly, N., Easom, N., Echevarria, C., . . . Armour, C. L. (2022). Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: Aprospective observational study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 10(8), 761–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00127-8
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  81. Fumagalli, C., Zocchi, C., Tassetti, L., Silverii, M. V., Amato, C., Livi, L., Giovannoni, L., Verrillo, F., Bartoloni, A., Marcucci, R., Lavorini, F., Fumagalli, S., Ungar, A., Olivotto, I., Rasero, L., Fattirolli, F., & Marchionni, N. (2022). Factors associated with persistence of symptoms 1 year after COVID-19: A longitudinal, prospective phone-based interview follow-up cohort study. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 97, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.11.018
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  82. Gabunia, S., Harmon, E. Y., Sonagere, M. B., & Teale, A. E. (2022). Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 survivors requiring inpatient rehabilitation. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 102(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000002059
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  83. Gang, J., Falzarano, F., She, W. J., Winoker, H., & Prigerson, H. G. (2022). Are deaths from COVID-19 associated with higher rates of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) than deaths from other causes? Death Studies, 46(6), 1287–1296. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2022.2039326
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  84. Gao, C., Zhao, Z., Li, F., Liu, J., Murphy, R. M., Zeng, Y., Yang, L., Chen, J., Lu, X., Wang, C., & Guo, Q. (2020). The impact of individual lifestyle and status on the acquisition of COVID-19: A case—Control study. PLOS ONE, 15(11), e0241540. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241540
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  85. García-Cabrera, L., Pérez-Abascal, N., Montero-Errasquín, B., Rexach Cano, L., Mateos-Nozal, J., & Cruz-Jentoft, A. (2021). Characteristics, hospital referrals and 60-day mortality of older patients living in nursing homes with COVID-19 assessed by a liaison geriatric team during the first wave: A research article. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02565-4
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  86. Gasnier, M., Choucha, W., Radiguer, F., Faulet, T., Chappell, K., Bougarel, A., Kondarjian, C., Thorey, P., Baldacci, A., Ballerini, M., Tayeb, A. E. K. A., Herrero, H., Hardy-Léger, I., Meyrignac, O., Morin, L., Lecoq, A., Pham, T., Noel, N., Jollant, F., . . . Colle, R. (2022). Comorbidity of long COVID and psychiatric disorders after a hospitalisation for COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 93(10), 1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-328516
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  87. Gayam, V., Konala, V. M., Naramala, S., Garlapati, P., Merghani, M. A., Regmi, N., Balla, M., & Adapa, S. (2020). Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes of patients coinfected with COVID‐19 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the USA. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), 2181–2187. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26026
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  88. Gilley, K. N., Baroudi, L., Yu, M., Gainsburg, I., Reddy, N., Bradley, C. J., Cislo, C. R., Rozwadowski, M., Clingan, C. A., Dittakavi, M., Churay, T., Birditt, K. S., Colabianchi, N., Chowdhury, M., Forger, D. B., Gagnier, J., Zernicke, R. F., Lee, J. J., Cain, S. C., . . . Choi, S. H. (2022). Risk factors for COVID-19 in college students identified by physical, mental, and social health reported during the fall 2020 semester: Observational study using the Roadmap app and Fitbit wearable sensors. JMIR Mental Health, 9(2), e34645. https://doi.org/10.2196/34645
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  89. Goldberger, N., Bergman-Levy, T., Haklai, Z., Yoffe, R., Davidson, M. H., Susser, E., Levi, L., Elhasid, T., & Weiser, M. (2022). COVID-19 and severe mental illness in Israel: Testing, infection, hospitalization, mortality and vaccination rates in a countrywide study. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(7), 3107–3114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01562-2
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  90. Goldstein, B. I., Baune, B. T., Bond, D., Chen, P. H., Eyler, L. T., Fagiolini, A., Gomes, F. A., Hajek, T., Hatch, J., McElroy, S. L., McIntyre, R. S., Prieto, M. A., Sylvia, L. G., Tsai, S. Y., Kcomt, A., & Fiedorowicz, J. G. (2020). Call to action regarding the vascular‐bipolar link: A report from the vascular task force of the international society for bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 22(5), 440–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12921
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  91. Gorji, F. A., Shafiekhani, S., Namdar, P., Abdollahzade, S., & Rafiei, S. (2022). Machine learning-based COVID-19 diagnosis by demographic characteristics and clinical data. Advances in Respiratory Medicine, 90(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.5603/ARM.a2022.0021
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  92. Govind, R., De Freitas, D. F., Pritchard, M., Hayes, R. D., & MacCabe, J. H. (2021). Clozapine treatment and risk of COVID-19 infection: Retrospective cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 219(1), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.151
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  93. Gu, T., Mack, J. A., Salvatore, M., Sankar, S. P., Valley, T. S., Singh, K., Nallamothu, B. K., Kheterpal, S., Lisabeth, L. D., Fritsche, L. G., & Mukherjee, B. (2020). Characteristics associated with racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in an academic health care system. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2025197. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25197
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  94. Guliani, A., Tandon, A., Chakroborty, A., & Gupta, P. N. (2022). Predictors of post COVID complications in patients admitted with moderate to severe COVID symptoms: A single center, prospective, observational study. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 93(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2022.2307
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  95. Günal, Ö., Türe, E., Bayburtlu, M., Arslan, U., Demirağ, M. D., Taşkın, M. H., & Kılıç, S. (2020). Evaluation of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in terms of risk factors. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, 54(4), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.69811
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  96. Guo, T., Shen, Q., Guo, W., He, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z., Deng, D., Ouyang, X., Xiang, Z. Q., Jiang, M., Liang, M., Huang, P., Peng, Z., Xiang, X., Liu, W., Luo, H. Q., Chen, P., & Peng, H. (2020). Clinical characteristics of elderly patients with COVID-19 in Hunan province, China: A multicenter, retrospective study. Gerontology, 66(5), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508734
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  97. Guzek, A., Rybicki, Z., Woźniak-Kosek, A., & Tomaszewski, D. (2022). The clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 in critically ill patients with klebsiella pneumoniae NDM hospitalized in the ICU of a modular hospital during the third wave of the pandemic in Poland-An observational cohort study. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(5), 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051118
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  98. Haimovich, A. D., Warner, F., Young, H. P., Ravindra, N. G., Sehanobish, A., Gong, G., Wilson, F. F., Van Dijk, D., Schulz, W. L., & Taylor, R. J. K. (2020). Patient factors associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 in an admitted emergency department population. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, 1(4), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12145
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  99. Halpin, S., O'Connor, R., & Sivan, M. (2021). Long COVID and chronic COVID syndromes. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(3), 1242–1243. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26587
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  100. Harrison, E., Monroe-Lord, L., Carson, A. R., Jean-Baptiste, A. M., Phoenix, J. A., Jackson, P., Harris, B. M., Asongwed, E., & Richardson, M. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic-related changes in wellness behavior among older Americans. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10825-6
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  101. Hashemi-Shahri, S. M., Tabatabaei, S. M., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Mohammadi, M., Okati-Aliabad, H., Tabatabaei, S. M., Ansari, H., Abbasi, M., Sheikhzadeh, K., Baygi, M. Z., Ayodele, O. B., Sanei-Sistani, S., Khorashad, A. S., Ansari-Moghadam, F., Torab, N., Khalili, T., & Miri-Aliabad, G. (2022). Epidemiological and clinical risk factors related to severe COVID-19 in Iran: A multi-center study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07165-0
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  102. Heald, A. H., Jenkins, D. J., Williams, R. A., Sperrin, M., Fachim, H. A., Mudaliar, R. N., Syed, A. A., Naseem, A., Gibson, J. M., Davies, K. a. B., Peek, N., Anderson, S. P., Peng, Y., & Ollier, W. E. R. (2022). The risk factors potentially influencing hospital admission in people with diabetes, following SARS-CoV-2 infection: A population-level analysis. Diabetes Therapy, 13(5), 1007–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-022-01230-2
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  103. Heesakkers, H., Van Der Hoeven, J. G., Corsten, S. A., Janssen, I., Ewalds, E., Simons, K., Westerhof, B., Rettig, T. C. D., Jacobs, C., Van Santen, S., Slooter, A. J. C., Van Der Woude, M. C. E., Van Den Boogaard, M., & Zegers, M. (2022). Clinical outcomes among patients with 1-year survival following intensive care unit treatment for COVID-19. JAMA, 327(6), 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.0040
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  104. Hesni, E., Sayad, B., Shadmani, F. K., Najafi, F., Khodarahmi, R., Rahimi, Z., Bozorgomid, A., & Sayad, N. (2022). Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of 27,256 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Kermanshah Province, Iran: A retrospective one-year cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1). 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07312-7
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  105. Hickie, I. B., Davenport, T. A., Wakefield, D., Vollmer-Conna, U., Cameron, B., Vernon, S. D., Reeves, W. C., & Lloyd, A. R. (2006). Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: Prospective cohort study. BMJ, 333(7568), 575–578. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AE
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  106. Hirakawa, H., & Ishii, N. (2021). Association between mental illness and COVID-19 in South Korea. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(4), 270–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30539-3
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  107. Hoertel, N., Sánchez-Rico, M., Vernet, R., Beeker, N., Jannot, A., Neuraz, A., Salamanca, E., Paris, N., Daniel, C., Gramfort, A., Lemaitre, G., Bernaux, M., Bellamine, A., Lemogne, C., Airagnes, G., Burgun, A., & Limosin, F. (2021). Association between antidepressant use and reduced risk of intubation or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Results from an observational study. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(9), 5199–5212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01021-4a
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  108. Hölzle, P., Aly, L., Frank, W., Förstl, H., & Frank, A. (2020). COVID-19 distresses the depressed while schizophrenic patients are unimpressed: A study on psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113175
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  109. Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., Luo, J., Huang, Z., Tu, S., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., De-Cui, X., Li, Y., Li, C., Lu, P., . . . Cao, B. (2021b). Expression of concern: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study. The Lancet, 397(10270), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8 (Retraction published 2022, The Lancet, 397(2), 220)
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  110. Huang, W., Zhou, H., Hodgkinson, C., Montero, A., Goldman, D., & Chang, S. L. (2021). Network meta‐analysis on the mechanisms underlying alcohol augmentation of COVID‐19 pathologies. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 45(4), 675–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14573
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  111. Huang, Y., Pinto, M. D., Borelli, J. L., Mehrabadi, M. A., Hc, A., Dutt, N., Lambert, N., Nurmi, E. L., Chakraborty, R., Rahmani, A. M., & Downs, C. A. (2022). COVID symptoms, symptom clusters, and predictors for becoming a long-hauler looking for clarity in the haze of the pandemic. Clinical Nursing Research, 31(8), 1390–1398. https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738221125632
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  112. Iqbal, Y., Al Abdulla, M. A., Albrahim, S., Latoo, J., Kumar, R., & Haddad, P. M. (2020). Psychiatric presentation of patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective review of 50 consecutive patients seen by a consultation-liaison psychiatry team. BJPsych Open, 6(5), e109. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.85
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  113. Jalodia, R., Antoine, D., Braniff, R. G., Dutta, R. K., Ramakrishnan, S., & Roy, S. (2022). Opioid use, COVID-19 infection, and their neurological implications. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 884216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.884216
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  114. Jang, S. C., Seon, J. Y., Eun, B. L., Koh, S. B., Yoo, J., Lee, W. J., Yum, H. K., Yoon, S. S., Oh, I., Bae, S. C., & Chang, S. (2021). Risk factors of outcomes of COVID-19 patients in Korea: Focus on early symptoms. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 36(18), e32. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e132
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  115. Jemberie, W. B., Williams, J. S., Eriksson, M., Grönlund, A. S., Ng, N., Nilsson, M., Padyab, M., Priest, K. C., Sandlund, M., Snellman, F., McCarty, D., & Lundgren, L. (2020). Substance use disorders and COVID-19: Multi-faceted problems which require multi-pronged solutions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00714
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  116. Ji, W., Huh, K., Kang, M., Hong, J., Bae, G. Y., Lee, Y. R., Na, Y., Choi, H., Gong, S. Y., Choi, Y., Ko, K. H., Jung, J., & Jung, J. (2020). Effect of underlying comorbidities on the infection and severity of covid-19 in Korea: A nationwide case-control study. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(25), e237. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e237
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  117. Karaoulanis, S. E., & Christodoulou, N. G. (2021). Do patients with schizophrenia have higher infection and mortality rates due to COVID-19? A systematic review. Psychiatrikē, 32(3), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2021.027
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  118. Karthaka, C., Baliga, S., & Walvekar, P. (2021). Clinical profile and outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients -A cross sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(11), 4036–4040. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_301_21
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  119. Khalaf, M. M., Alboraie, M., Abdel-Gawad, M., Abdel-Malek, M. O., Abu-Elfatth, A. M., Abdelhamed, W., Zaghloul, M. S., ElDeeb, R., Abdeltwab, D., Abdelghani, M., El-Raey, F., Aboalam, H., Badry, A. E., Tharwat, M., Afify, S., Elwazzan, D., Abdelmohsen, A. Z., Fathy, H. M., Shaltout, S. W., . . . Bazeed, S. E. S. (2022). Prevalence and predictors of persistent symptoms after clearance of SARS-COV-2 infection: A multicenter study from Egypt. Infection and Drug Resistance, 15(1), 2575–2587. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S355064
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  120. Kianersi, S., Ludema, C., Macy, J. T., Colato, E. G., Chen, C., Luetke, M., Mh, L., & Rosenberg, M. (2021). A cross-sectional analysis of demographic and behavioral risk factors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 seropositivity among a sample of U.S. college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(2), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.05.003
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  121. Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence-based solutions. Healthcare Management Forum, 30 (2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470416679413
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  122. Kolin, D. A., Kulm, S., Christos, P. J., & Elemento, O. (2020). Clinical, regional, and genetic characteristics of Covid-19 patients from UK Biobank. PLOS One, 15(11), e0241264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241264
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  123. Kondakov, A., Berdalin, A., Lelyuk, V., Gubskiy, I., & Golovin, D. (2021). Risk factors of in-hospital mortality in non-specialized tertiary center repurposed for medical care to COVID-19 patients in Russia. Diagnostics (Basel), 11(9), 1687. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091687
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  124. Kozloff, N., Mulsant, B. H., Stergiopoulos, V., & Voineskos, A. N. (2020). The COVID-19 global pandemic: Implications for people with schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(4), 752–757. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa051
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  125. Landén, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Westin, J., & Song, J. (2021). Respiratory infections during lithium and valproate medication: A within-individual prospective study of 50,000 patients with bipolar disorder. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 9(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-020-00208-y
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  126. Landes, S. D., Turk, M. A., Formica, M. K., McDonald, K. E., & Stevens, J. D. (2020). COVID-19 outcomes among people with intellectual and developmental disability living in residential group homes in New York State. Disability and Health Journal, 13(4), 100969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100969
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  127. Larkin, A., & Hutton, P. (2017). Systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that help or hinder treatment decision-making capacity in psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 211(4), 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.193458
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  128. Lassale, C., Gaye, B., Hamer, M., Gale, C. R., & Batty, G. D. (2020). Ethnic disparities in hospitalisation for COVID-19 in England: The role of socioeconomic factors, mental health, and inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors in a community-based cohort study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.074
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  129. Lassen, M. C. H., Skaarup, K. G., Sengeløv, M., Iversen, K., Ulrik, C. S., Jensen, J. U. S., & Biering-Sørensen, T. (2021). Alcohol consumption and the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 18(6), 1074–1076. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202008-988RL
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  130. Lebin, J. A., Mudan, A., & Wu, A. H. (2021). Chronic alcohol use does not protect against COVID-19 infection. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 45, 640–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.024
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  131. Lee, S. H., Yang, J. M., Moon, S., Yoo, I. K., Ha, E., Kim, S. Y., Park, U. C., Choi, S., Lee, S., Ahn, Y. C., Kim, J., Koh, H. C., & Yon, D. K. (2020). Association between mental illness and COVID-19 susceptibility and clinical outcomes in South Korea: A nationwide cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(12), 1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30421-1
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  132. Lemhöfer, C., Sturm, C., Loudovici-Krug, D., Best, N., & Gutenbrunner, C. (2021). The impact of post-COVID syndrome on functioning–Results from a community survey in patients after mild and moderate SARS-CoV-2-infections in Germany. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-021-00337-9
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  133. Li, T., Zhang, L., Cai, S., Lu, Z., Bao, W., & Rong, S. (2022). Association of mental health with clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 312, 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.047
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  134. Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z. H., Zhao, Y. J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y. T. (2020). Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1732–1738. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45120
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  135. Lin, Z. (2021). Mechanisms for substance use disorders in COVID-19. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(9), 4568–4569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01041-0
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  136. Liu, F., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Ge, L., Wang, J., Liang, X., Li, J., Wang, C., Xing, Z., Chhetri, J. K., Sun, P., & Chan, P. (2020). Evaluation of the risk prediction tools for patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study*. Critical Care Medicine, 48(11), e1004–e1011. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000004549
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  137. Liu, L., Ni, S., Yan, W., Lu, Q., Zhao, Y., Xu, Y., Mei, H., Shi, L., Yuan, K., Han, Y., Deng, J., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Jiang, Z., Zeng, N., Que, J., Zheng, Y., Yang, B., Gong, Y., . . . Lu, L. (2021). Mental and neurological disorders and risk of COVID-19 susceptibility, illness severity and mortality: A systematic review, meta-analysis and call for action. eClinicalMedicine, 40, 101111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101111
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  138. Livingston, G., Rostamipour, H., Gallagher, P. W., Kalafatis, C., Shastri, A., Huzzey, L., Liu, K. Y., Sommerlad, A., & Marston, L. (2020). Prevalence, management, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections in older people and those with dementia in mental health wards in London, UK: A retrospective observational study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(12), 1054–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30434-X
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  139. Luykx, J. J., & Lin, B. D. (2021). Are psychiatric disorders risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility and severity? A two-sample, bidirectional, univariable, and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01325-7
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  140. Ma, X., Gao, Y., Di, L., Ma, H., Mei, B., Zhang, J., Wang, A., Feng, K., Yang, L., & Chen, Z. (2021). Characteristics of 1738 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(6), 2453–2457. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2021.129
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  141. Maguire, P. A., & Looi, J. C. (2020). Vulnerability of people with schizophrenia to COVID-19. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54(10), 1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420940775
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  142. Maguire, P. A., Reay, R. E., & Looi, J. C. (2019). Nothing to sneeze at–uptake of protective measures against an influenza pandemic by people with schizophrenia: Willingness and perceived barriers. Australasian Psychiatry, 27(2), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856218815748
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  143. Mahmoud, M. H., Alghamdi, F. A., Alghamdi, G. A., Alkhotani, L. A., Alrehaili, M. A., & El-Deeb, D. K. (2021). Study of post-COVID syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Curēus (Palo Alto, CA), 13(9), e17787. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17787
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  144. Mansur, R. B., Lee, Y., Subramaniapillai, M., Cha, D. S., Brietzke, E., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Parsing metabolic heterogeneity in mood disorders: A hypothesis‐driven cluster analysis of glucose and insulin abnormalities. Bipolar Disorders, 22(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12826
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  145. Marel, C., Mills, K. L., & Teesson, M. (2021). Substance use, mental disorders and COVID-19: A volatile mix. Current Opinion In Psychiatry, 34(4), 351–356. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000707
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  146. Martín-Rodríguez, F., Sanz-García, A., Iglesias, A., Ortega, G. J., Del Pozo Vegas, C., De La Torre Díez, I., Bayón, G. F., Benito, J. M., Pérez, M. A., Cortés, J. I., & López-Izquierdo, R. (2021). Mortality risk model for patients with suspected COVID-19 based on information available from an emergency dispatch center. Emergencias, 33(4), 265–272. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34251139
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  147. Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Rodés-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Dattani, S., Beltekian, D., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (n.d.). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Retrieved December 28, 2022, from https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  148. McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282. https://hrcak.srce.hr/89395
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  149. McKeigue, P. M., Weir, A., Bishop, J., McGurnaghan, S. J., Kennedy, S., McAllister, D. A., Robertson, C., Wood, R., Lone, N. I., Murray, J., Caparrotta, T. M., Smith-Palmer, A., Goldberg, D., McMenamin, J., Ramsay, C., Hutchinson, S., & Colhoun, H. M. (2020). Rapid Epidemiological Analysis of Comorbidities and Treatments as risk factors for COVID-19 in Scotland (REACT-SCOT): A population-based case-control study. PLOS Medicine, 17(10), e1003374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003374
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  150. McKetta, S., Morrison, C. N., & Keyes, K. M. (2021). Trends in US alcohol consumption frequency during the first wave of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 45(4), 773–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14575
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  151. Meinlschmidt, G., Guemghar, S., Roemmel, N., Battegay, E., Hunziker, S., & Schaefert, R. (2022). Depressive symptoms, but not anxiety, predict subsequent diagnosis of Coronavirus disease 19: A national cohort study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 31, e16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796021000676
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  152. Mena, G. E., Martinez, P. P., Mahmud, A. S., Marquet, P. A., Buckee, C. O., & Santillana, M. (2021). Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile. Science, 372(6545), eabg5298. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5298
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  153. Merzon, E., Manor, I., Rotem, A., Schneider, T., Vinker, S., Golan Cohen, A., Lauden, A., Weizman, A., & Green, I. (2021). ADHD as a risk factor for infection with COVID-19. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(13), 1783–1790. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705472094327
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  154. Merzon, E., Weiss, M. D., Cortese, S., Rotem, A., Schneider, T., Craig, S. G., Vinker, S., Cohen, A. G., Green, I., Ashkenazi, S., Weizman, A., & Manor, I. (2021). The association between ADHD and the severity of COVID-19 infection. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(4), 491–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547211003659
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  155. Moayed, M. S., Vahedian-Azimi, A., Mirmomeni, G., Rahimi-Bashar, F., Goharimoghadam, K., Pourhoseingholi, M. A., Abbasi-Farajzadeh, M., Hekmat, M, Sathyapalan, T., Guest, P. & Sahebkar, A. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and stress among patients with COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. In Clinical, Biological and Molecular Aspects of COVID-19 (pp. 229-236). (P.C. Guest, Ed.). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_19
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  156. Moghadas, S. M., Vilches, T. N., Zhang, K. H., Wells, C. R., Shoukat, A., Singer, B. H., Meyers, L. A., Neuzil, K. M., Langley, J. M., Fitzpatrick, M. C., & Galvani, A. P. (2021). The impact of vaccination on Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(12), 2257–2264. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab079
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  157. Moni, M. A., Lin, P. I., Quinn, J. M., & Eapen, V. (2021). COVID-19 patient transcriptomic and genomic profiling reveals comorbidity interactions with psychiatric disorders. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01151-3
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  158. Moreno, C., Wykes, T., Galderisi, S., Nordentoft, M., Crossley, N., Jones, N., Cannon, M., Correll, C. U., Byrne, L., Carr, S., Chen, E. Y., Gorwood, P., Johnson, S., Kärkkäinen, H., Krystal, J. H., Lee, J., Lieberman, J. A., López-Jaramillo, C., Männikkö, M., . . . Arango, C. (2020). How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(9), 813–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30307-2
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  159. Morlock, R., Morlock, A., Downen, M., & Shah, S. N. (2021). COVID-19 prevalence and predictors in United States adults during peak stay-at-home orders. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245586
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  160. Mousavi, S. B. (2021). Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Do not forget patients with severe mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(7), 830–832. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020939982
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  161. Mukherjee, S., & Pahan, K. (2021). Is COVID-19 gender-sensitive?. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 16(1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-020-09974-z
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  162. Munblit, D., Bobkova, P., Spiridonova, E., Shikhaleva, A., Gamirova, A., Blyuss, O., Nekliudov, N. A., Bugaeva, P., Andreeva, M., DunnGalvin, A., Comberiati, P., Apfelbacher, C., Genuneit, J., Avdeev, S., Kapustina, V., Guekht, A., Fomin, V., Svistunov, A. A., Timashev, P. S., . . . Zezyulina, A. (2021). Incidence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in adults previously hospitalized for COVID‐19. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 51(9), 1107–1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13997
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  163. Murga, I., Aranburu, L., Gargiulo, P. A., Gómez Esteban, J. C., & Lafuente, J. V. (2021). Clinical heterogeneity in ME/CFS. A way to understand long-COVID19 fatigue. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 735784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735784
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  164. Murphy, K. A., McGinty, E. E., & Daumit, G. L. (2022). Hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality after COVID-19 among adults with or without serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 73(3), 335–338. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202100151
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  165. Muruganandam, P., Neelamegam, S., Menon, V., Alexander, J., & Chaturvedi, S. K. (2020). COVID-19 and severe mental illness: Impact on patients and its relation with their awareness about COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113265
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  166. Musheyev, B., Janowicz, R., Borg, L., Matarlo, M., Boyle, H., Hou, W., & Duong, T. Q. (2021). Characterizing non-critically ill COVID-19 survivors with and without in-hospital rehabilitation. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 21039. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00246-1
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  167. Nabavi, N. (2020). Long COVID: How to define it and how to manage it. BMJ, m3489. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3489
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  168. Narayan, A., & Balkrishnan, R. (2021). A health crisis within a health crisis: Opioid access in the COVID-19 pandemic. Substance Abuse, 42(2), 148–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1900981
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  169. Neelam, K., Duddu, V., Anyim, N., Neelam, J., & Lewis, S. (2021). Pandemics and pre-existing mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health, 10, 100177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100177
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  170. Nehme, M., Braillard, O., Chappuis, F., Courvoisier, D. S., Kaiser, L., Guessous, I., Nehme, M., Guessous, I., Chappuis, F., Kaiser, L., Braillard, O., Courvoisier, D. S., Soccal, P. M., Reny, J., Assal, F., Bondolfi, G., Tardin, A., Graf, C., Zekry, D., . . . Vetter, P. (2022). One‐year persistent symptoms and functional impairment in SARS‐CoV‐2 positive and negative individuals. Journal of Internal Medicine, 292(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13482
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  171. Nemani, K., Conderino, S., Marx, J., Thorpe, L. E., & Goff, D. C. (2021). Association between antipsychotic use and COVID-19 mortality among people with serious mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 78(12), 1391–1393. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2503
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  172. Nemani, K., Williams, S. Z., Olfson, M., Leckman-Westin, E., Finnerty, M., Kammer, J., Smith T.E., Silverman, D.J., Lindenmayer, J., Capichioni, G., Clelland, J., & Goff, D. C. (2022). Association between the use of psychotropic medications and the risk of COVID-19 infection among long-term inpatients with serious mental illness in a New York state-wide psychiatric hospital system. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2210743. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.10743
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  173. Neumann-Podczaska, A., Chojnicki, M., Karbowski, L. M., Al-Saad, S. R., Hashmi, A. A., Chudek, J., Tobis, S., Kropinska, S., Mozer-Lisewska, I., Suwalska, A., Tykarski, A. & Wieczorowska-Tobis, K. (2020). Clinical characteristics and survival analysis in a small sample of older COVID-19 patients with defined 60-day outcome. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228362
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  174. Neville, T. H., Hays, R. D., Tseng, C.-H., Gonzalez, C. A., Chen, L., Hong, A., Yamamoto, M., Santoso, L., Kung, A., Schwab, K., Chang, S., Qadir, N., Wang, T., & Wenger, N. S. (2022). Survival after severe COVID-19: Long-term outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 37(8), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1177/08850666221092687
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  175. Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, M. H., Do, B. N., Tran, C. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, K. M., Molbak, K., & Duong, T. V. (2020). People with suspected COVID-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: The potential benefit of health literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040965
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  176. Nilsson, S. F., Laursen, T. M., Osler, M., Hjorthøj, C., Benros, M. E., Ethelberg, S., Mølbak, K., & Nordentoft, M. (2022). Adverse SARS-CoV-2-associated outcomes among people experiencing social marginalisation and psychiatric vulnerability: A population-based cohort study among 4,4 million people. The Lancet Regional Health, 20, 100421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100421
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  177. Nishimi, K., Neylan, T. C., Bertenthal, D., Seal, K. H., & O'Donovan, A. (2022). Association of psychiatric disorders with incidence of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection among vaccinated adults. JAMA Network Open, 5(4), e227287. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7287
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  178. Ocsovszky, Z., Otohal, J., Berényi, B., Juhász, V., Skoda, R., Bokor, L., … Vágó, H. (2022). The associations of long-COVID symptoms, clinical characteristics and affective psychological constructs in a non-hospitalized cohort. Physiology International, 109(2), 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1556/2060.2022.00030
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  179. Ohlis, A., Sörberg Wallin, A., Sarafis, A., Sjöqvist, H., MacCabe, J. H., Ahlen, J., & Dalman, C. (2022). Clozapine treatment and risk of severe COVID‐19 infection. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 145(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13379
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  180. Okubo, R., Yoshioka, T., Nakaya, T., Hanibuchi, T., Okano, H., Ikezawa, S., Tsuno, K., Murayama, H., & Tabuchi, T. (2021). Urbanization level and neighborhood deprivation, not COVID-19 case numbers by residence area, are associated with severe psychological distress and new-onset suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.028
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  181. Orlando, V., Rea, F., Savaré, L., Guarino, I., Mucherino, S., Perrella, A., ... & Corrao, G. (2021). Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection from administrative data: A population-based cohort study from Italy. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0237202. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237202
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  182. Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2022, November 3). The prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK. Office for national statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/3november2022
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  183. Panda, S., Roy, S., Garg, R., Gan, H., Gorard, J., Bhutada, M., Sun, Y., Bhatnagar, S., Mohan, A., Dar, L., & Liu, M. (2021). COVID‐19 disease in hospitalized young adults in India and China: Evaluation of risk factors predicting progression across two major ethnic groups. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(1), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27315
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  184. Park, J., & Rhim, H. C. (2021). Association between mental illness and COVID-19 in South Korea. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 8(4), 270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30465-X
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  185. Pavarin, R. M., Fabbri, C., & De Ronchi, D. (2022). COVID-19 hospitalization rates in individuals with substance or alcohol use disorders. Psychiatry Research, 311, 114521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114521
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  186. Peckham, E., Allgar, V., Crosland, S., Heron, P., Johnston, G., Newbronner, E., Ratschen, E., Spanakis, P., Wadman, R., Walker, L. M., & Gilbody, S. (2021). Investigating smoking and nicotine dependence among people with severe mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of linked data from a UK Closing the Gap cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry Open, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.45
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  187. Peng, D., Wang, Z., & Xu, Y. (2020). Challenges and opportunities in mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. General Psychiatry, 33(5), e100275. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100275
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  188. Pérez-Segura, P., Paz-Cabezas, M., Núñez-Gil, I. J., Arroyo-Espliguero, R., Eid, C. M., Romero, R., Rozas, I. F., Uribarri, A., Becerra-Muñoz, V. M., Aguado, M. G., Huang, J., Rondano, E., Cerrato, E., Alfonso-Rodríguez, E., Ortega-Armas, M. E., Roubin, S. R., Pepe, M., Feltes, G., Gonzalez, A. H., . . . Estrada, V. (2021). Prognostic factors at admission on patients with cancer and COVID-19: Analysis of HOPE registry data. Medicina Clinica, 157(7), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2021.02.021
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  189. Petersen, M. S., Kristiansen, M. F., Hanusson, K. D., Danielsen, M. E., Steig, B. Á., Gaini, S., Strøm, M., &Weihe, P. (2020). Long COVID in the Faroe Islands: A longitudinal study among nonhospitalized patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(11), e4058–e4063. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1792
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  190. Pizzonia, K. L., Koscinski, B., Suhr, J. A., Accorso, C., Allan, D. M., & Allan, N. P. (2021). Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of depression and COVID-19-related risk factors. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(3), 246–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2021.1879241
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  191. Prvu Bettger, J., & Resnik, L. J. (2020). Telerehabilitation in the age of COVID-19: An opportunity for learning health system research. Physical Therapy, 100(11), 1913–1916. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa151
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  192. Qeadan, F., Tingey, B., Bern, R., Porucznik, C. A., English, K., Saeed, A. I., & Madden, E. F. (2021). Opioid use disorder and health service utilization among COVID-19 patients in the US: A nationwide cohort from the Cerner Real-World Data. EClinicalMedicine, 37, 100938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100938
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  193. Qiao, S., Zhang, J., Chen, S., Olatosi, B., Hardeman, S. M., Narasimhan, M., Bruner, L., Diedhiou, A., Scott, C. M., Mansaray, A. B., Weissman, S., & Li, X. (2022). How different pre-existing mental disorders and their co-occurrence affects COVID-19 clinical outcomes? A real-world data study in the southern United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 831189. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.831189
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  194. Rajkumar, R. P. (2021). The relationship between pre-COVID prevalence of common mental disorders and the impact of COVID-19. Minerva Psychiatry, 62(3). 164–171. https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-6612.20.02098-1
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  195. Rajkumar, R. P. (2022). Is there a relationship between ADHD and COVID-19 prevalence and mortality indices? An analysis of data from 156 countries. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(8), 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547211056894
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  196. Rauchman, S., Mendelson, S., Rauchman, C., Pinkhasov, A., Kasselman, L. J., & Reiss, A. B. (2022, January 20-22). Anti-depressants and COVID-19 severity: A retrospective study of hospitalized adult patients [Presentation]. Western Medical Research Conference, Mission Hills, California. https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications/5701
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  197. Rebora, P., Rozzini, R., Bianchetti, A., Blangiardo, P., Marchegiani, A., Piazzoli, A., Mazzeo, F., Cesaroni, G., Chizzoli, A., Guerini, F., Bonfanti, P., Morandi, A., Faraci, B., Gentile, S., Bna, C., Savelli, G., Citerio, G., Valsecchi, M. G., Mazzola, P., & Bellelli, G. (2020). Delirium in patients with SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection: A multicenter study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(2), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16969
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  198. Righi, E., Mirandola, M., Mazzaferri, F., Dossi, G., Razzaboni, E., Zaffagnini, A., Ivaldi, F., Visentin, A., Lambertenghi, L., Arena, C., Micheletto, C., Gibellini, D., & Tacconelli, E. (2022). Determinants of persistence of symptoms and impact on physical and mental wellbeing in Long COVID: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Infection, 84(4), 566–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2022.02.003
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  199. Rivera-Izquierdo, M., Ramos-Bossini, A. J. L., De Alba, I. G., Ortiz-González-Serna, R., Serrano-Ortiz, Á., Fernández-Martínez, N. F., Ruiz-Montero, R., & Cervilla, J. A. (2022). Long COVID 12 months after discharge: Persistent symptoms in patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 and patients hospitalised due to other causes—A multicentre cohort study. BMC Medicine, 20(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02292-6
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  200. Romero Duarte, Á., Rivera Izquierdo, M., Láinez Ramos-Bossini, A. J., Redruello Guerrero, P., & Cárdenas Cruz, A. (2022). Factors associated with readmission to the Emergency Department in a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Signa Vitae, 18(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.22514/sv.2021.106
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  201. Rosoff, D. B., Yoo, J., & Lohoff, F. W. (2021). A genetically-informed study disentangling the relationships between tobacco smoking, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, substance use disorders and respiratory infections, including COVID-19. medRxiv,1, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.11.21251581
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  202. Rubin, R. (2020). Substance use disorder linked to higher COVID-19 risk. JAMA, 324(16), 1598–1598. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19686
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  203. Said, D. S., Lopes, G., Lorettu, L., Farina, G., Napodano, C. M. P., Amadori, A., Pichierri, G., Cegolon, L., Padrini, S., Bellizzi, S., & Alzoubi, Y. (2021). Mental health and COVID-19 pandemics: The worrisome humanitarian perspective from the Middle East. Journal of Global Health, 11. 1–3. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.11.03014
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  204. Salawu, A., Green, A., Crooks, M. G., Brixey, N., Ross, D. H., & Sivan, M. (2020). A proposal for multidisciplinary tele-rehabilitation in the assessment and rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134890
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  205. Saldi, S. R. F., Safitri, E. D., Setiati, S., Ranakusuma, R. W., Marsigit, J., Azwar, M. K., Astuti, P., Sari, C. Y. I., Istanti, R.; Yulianti, M., Rumende, C. M., Yunihastuti, E., Susilo, A., Harimurti, K., Liastuti, L. D., Trimartani, T., Restuti, R. D., & Syam, A. F. (2021). Prognostic scoring system for mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in resource-limited settings: A multicenter study from COVID-19 referral hospitals. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 53(4), 407–415. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-1624206
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  206. Salim, S. (2021). The Stress of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Beyond the Data. Current Neuropharmacology, 19(8), 1161–1163. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210311103136
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  207. Salinas-Botrán, A., Sanz-Cánovas, J., Pérez-Somarriba, J., Pérez-Belmonte, L. M., Cobos-Palacios, L., Rubio-Rivas, M., De-Cossío-Tejido, S., Ramos, J., Méndez-Bailón, M., & Gómez-Huelgas, R. (2022). Características clínicas y factores de riesgo de mortalidad al ingreso en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca hospitalizados por COVID-19 en España. Revista Clínica Espanõla, 222(5), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2021.06.004
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  208. Sargin Altunok, E., Satici, C., Dinc, V., Kamat, S., Alkan, M., Demirkol, M. A., Toprak, I. D., Kostek, M.E., Yazla, S., & Esatoglu, S. N. (2022). Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalized COVID‐19 patients with severe/critical illness in the first wave versus the second wave. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(1), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27319
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  209. Saurabh, S., Verma, M. K., Gautam, V., Kumar, N., Jain, V., Goel, A. D., Gupta, M., Sharma, P. N., Bhardwaj, P., Singh, K., Nag, V. L., Garg, M. K., & Misra, S. (2021). Tobacco, alcohol use and other risk factors for developing symptomatic COVID-19 vs asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case–control study from western Rajasthan, India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 115(7), 820–831. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa172
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  210. Segaloff, H. E., Cole, D. R., Rosenblum, H. G., Lee, C. C., Morgan, C. N., Remington, P. L., Pitts, C., Kelly, P., Baggott, J., Bateman, A. C., Somers, T., Ruff, J. C., Payne, D. J., Desamu-Thorpe, R., Foster, M. A., Currie, D. W., Abedi, G. R., Westergaard, R. P., Hsu, C. H., . . . Kirking, H. L. (2021a). Risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection and presence of Anti–SARS-COV-2 antibodies among university student dormitory residents, September–November 2020. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab405
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  211. Shafran, R., Rachman, S., Whittal, M., Radomsky, A., & Coughtrey, A. (2021). Fear and anxiety in COVID-19: Preexisting anxiety disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 28(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.03.003
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  212. Shang, Y., Xu, C., Jiang, F., Huang, R., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Xu, F., & Dai, H. (2020). Clinical characteristics and changes of chest CT features in 307 patients with common COVID-19 pneumonia infected SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter study in Jiangsu, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.006
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  213. Shi, S. M., Bakaev, I., Chen, H., Travison, T. G., & Berry, S. D. (2020). Risk factors, presentation, and course of coronavirus disease 2019 in a large, academic long-term care facility. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(10), 1378–1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.027
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  214. Shinn, A. K., & Viron, M. (2020). Perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic and individuals with serious mental illness. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 81(3), e1–e4. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20com13412
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  215. Shrivastava, S. R., & Shrivastava, P. S. (2020). COVID‑19 and alcohol consumption: No preventive or therapeutic benefits. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11(7), 11–91. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_198_20
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  216. Siva, N. (2021). Severe mental illness: Reassessing COVID-19 vaccine priorities. The Lancet, 397(10275), 657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00429-3
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  217. Slaunwhite, A. K., Gan, W. Q., Xavier, C., Zhao, B., Buxton, J. A., & Desai, R. (2020). Overdose and risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 212, 108047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108047
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  218. Soh, H. L., Ho, R. C., Ho, C. S., & Tam, W. W. (2020). Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Medicine, 75, 315–325. 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.020
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  219. Solis, J., Franco-Paredes, C., Henao-Martínez, A. F., Krsak, M., & Zimmer, S. M. (2020). Structural vulnerability in the US revealed in three waves of COVID-19. The American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene, 103(1), 25–27. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0391
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  220. Spagnolo, P. A., Montemitro, C., & Leggio, L. (2020). New challenges in addiction medicine: COVID-19 infection in patients with alcohol and substance use disorders—The perfect storm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(9), 805–807. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20040417
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  221. Stahlman, S., Hiban, K., Mahaney, H., & Ford, S. (2021). Incident COVID-19 infections, active and reserve components, 1 January 2020-31 August 2021. MSMR (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Executive Communications Division), 28(12), 14–21. https://europepmc.org/article/med/35320663
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  222. Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S. L., Alley, S. J., Thwaite, T. L., Fenning, A. S., & Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4065, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114065
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  223. Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., Moher, D., Becker, B., Sipe, A., & Thacker, S. B. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. JAMA, 283(15), 2008–2012. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  224. Susanto, A. D., Isbaniah, F., Pratomo, I. P., Antariksa, B., Samoedro, E., Taufik, M., Harinda, F., Nurwidya, F. (2022). Clinical characteristics and quality of life of persistent symptoms of COVID-19 syndrome in Indonesia. Germs (Bucureşti), 12(2), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1319
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  225. Swendsen, J. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: How one pandemic can reveal another. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 30(3), 161–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbct.2020.08.001
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  226. Tabacof, L., Tosto-Mancuso, J., Wood, J., Cortes, M., Kontorovich, A., McCarthy, D., Rizk, D., Rozanski, G. M., Breyman, E., Nasr, L., Kellner, C. P., Herrera, J. E., & Putrino, D. (2022a). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome negatively impacts physical function, cognitive function, health-related quality of life, and participation. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 101(1), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001910
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  227. Tamburin, S., Mantovani, E., De Bernardis, E., Zipeto, D., & Lugoboni, F. (2021). COVID-19 and related symptoms in patients under disulfiram for alcohol use disorder. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 16(6), 1729–1731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02633-y
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  228. Tang, O., Bigelow, B. F., Sheikh, F., Peters, M., Zenilman, J. M., Bennett, R., & Katz, M. J. (2020). Outcomes of nursing home COVID-19 patients by initial symptoms and comorbidity: Results of universal testing of 1970 residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(12), 1767–1773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.011
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  229. Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021). 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236379 survivors of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(5), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  230. Taquet, M., Luciano, S., Geddes, J. R., & Harrison, P. J. (2021). Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: Retrospective cohort studies of 62354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  231. Teixeira, A. L., Krause, T. M., Ghosh, L., Shahani, L. R., Machado-Vieira, R., Lane, S. D., Boerwinkle, E., & Soares, J. C. (2021). Analysis of COVID-19 infection and mortality among patients with psychiatric disorders, 2020. JAMA Network Open, 4(11), e2134969. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34969
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  232. Tenforde, M. W., Kim, S. S., Lindsell, C. J., Rose, E. B., Shapiro, N. I., Files, D. C., Gibbs, K. W., Erickson, H. L., Steingrub, J. S., Smithline, H. A., Gong, M. N., Aboodi, M. S., Exline, M. C., Henning, D. J., Wilson, J. G., Khan, A., Qadir, N., Brown, S. M., Peltan, I. D., . . . Wu, M. J. (2020). Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network — United States, March–June 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(30), 993–998. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  233. Testino, G. (2020). Are patients with alcohol use disorders at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Alcohol and Alcoholism, 55(4), 344–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa037
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  234. Testino, G., & Pellicano, R. (2022). Alcohol consumption: Confirmed as cause of increased COVID-19 disease severity. Minerva Gastroenterology, 68(2), 232–233. https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-5985.22.03143-6
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  235. Tobolowsky, F., Bardossy, A. C., Currie, D. W., Schwartz, N. G., Zacks, R., Chow, E. J., Dyal, J., Ali, H., Kay, M., Duchin, J. S., Brostrom-Smith, C., Clark, S., Sykes, K. J., Jernigan, J. A., Honein, M. A., Clark, T. A., Stone, N. D., Reddy, S., & Rao, A. K. (2021). Signs, symptoms, and comorbidities associated with onset and prognosis of COVID-19 in a nursing home. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(3), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.01.070
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  236. Tran, V. H., Pak, T. V., Gribkova, E. I., Galkina, G. A., Loskutova, E., Dorofeeva, V. V., Dewey, R. S., Nguyen, K., & Pham, D. P. (2021). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in a high infection-rate country: A cross-sectional study in Russia. Pharmacy Practice (Internet), 19(1), 2276. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.1.2276
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  237. Tzur Bitan, D., Kridin, K., Cohen, A. D., & Weinstein, O. (2021). COVID-19 hospitalisation, mortality, vaccination, and postvaccination trends among people with schizophrenia in Israel: A longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 8(10), 901–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00256-X
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  238. Tzur Bitan, D., Kridin, K., Givon-Lavi, N., Krieger, I., Kaliner, E., Cohen, A. D., & Weinstein, O. (2022). COVID-19 booster vaccination among individuals with schizophrenia in Israel. Archives of General Psychiatry, 79(5), 508–512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0382
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  239. United States National Institutes of Health (2021, July). National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  240. Vadukapuram, R., Trivedi, C., & Mansuri, Z. (2022). Does a mental health diagnosis worsen outcomes from COVID-19? The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.21com03152
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  241. Vai, B., Mazza, M. G., Colli, C. D., Foiselle, M., Allen, B., Benedetti, F., Borsini, A., Dias, M. C., Tamouza, R., Leboyer, M., Benros, M. E., Branchi, I., Fusar-Poli, P., & De Picker, L. (2021). Mental disorders and risk of COVID-19-related mortality, hospitalisation, and intensive care unit admission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(9), 797–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00232-7
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  242. Valente, J. Y., Sohi, I., Garcia-Cerde, R., Monteiro, M. G., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2021). What is associated with the increased frequency of heavy episodic drinking during the COVID-19 pandemic? Data from the PAHO regional web-based survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 221, 108621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108621
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  243. van der Meer, D., Pinzón-Espinosa, J., Lin, B. D., Tijdink, J. K., Vinkers, C. H., Guloksuz, S., & Luykx, J. J. (2020). Associations between psychiatric disorders, COVID-19 testing probability and COVID-19 testing results: Findings from a population-based study. BJPsych Open, 6(5), E87. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.75
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  244. van der Valk, J. P. M., Heijboer, F. W. J., van Middendorp, H., Evers, A. W. M., & in ‘t Veen, J. C. C. M. (2021). Case-control study of patient characteristics, knowledge of the COVID-19 disease, risk behaviour and mental state in patients visiting an emergency room with COVID-19 symptoms in the Netherlands. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0249847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249847
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  245. Van Laar, M. W., Oomen, P. E., Van Miltenburg, C. J., Vercoulen, E., Freeman, T. P., & Hall, W. D. (2020). Cannabis and COVID-19: Reasons for concern. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 601653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601653
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  246. Varela Rodríguez, C., Arias Horcajadas, F., Martín-Arriscado Arroba, C., Combarro Ripoll, C., Juanes Gonzalez, A., Esperesate Pajares, M., Rodrigo Holgado, I., Cadenas Mancenido, A., Sanchez Rodriguez, L., Baselga Penalva, B., Marin, M., & Rubio, G. (2021). COVID-19-related neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with alcohol abuse conditions during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A retrospective cohort study using real world data from electronic health records of a tertiary hospital. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 630566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.630566
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  247. Vedhara, K., Ayling, K., Jia, R., Fairclough, L. C., Morling, J. R., Ball, J. K., Knight, H., Blake, H., Corner, J., Denning, C., Bolton, K. J., Jackson, H. A., Coupland, C., & Tighe, P. J. (2022). Relationship between anxiety, depression, and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection: Proof of concept. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 225(12), 2137–2141. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac006
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  248. Velásquez Garcia, H. H., Wilton, J., Smolina, K., Chong, M. S., Rasali, D., Otterstatter, M., Rose, C., Prystajecky, N., David, S. T., Galanis, E., McKee, G., Krajden, M., & Janjua, N. Z. (2021). Mental health and substance use associated with hospitalization among people with COVID-19: A population-based cohort study. Viruses, 13(11), 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112196
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  249. Veldhuis, C. B., Nesoff, E. D., McKowen, A. L. W., Rice, D. R., Ghoneima, H., Wootton, A. R., Papautsky, E. L., Arigo, D., Goldberg, S., & Anderson, J. C. (2021). Addressing the critical need for long-term mental health data during the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in mental health from April to September 2020. Preventive Medicine, 146, 106465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106465
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  250. Vena, A., Muñoz, P., Giacobbe, D. R., Di Biagio, A., Mikulska, M., Bandera, A., De Maria, A., Ball, L., Brunetti, I., Loconte, M., Patroniti, N., Taccone, F. S., Delfino, E., Menzaghi, B., Magnasco, L., Hamer, D. H., Toscanini, F., Bavastro, M., Cerchiaro, M., Barisione, E., . . . Vacca, P. (2020). Clinical characteristics, management and in-hospital mortality of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Genoa, Italy. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(11), 1537–1544. . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.049
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  251. Vidot, D. C., Islam, J. Y., Camacho-Rivera, M., Harrell, M. B., Rao, D. R., Chavez, J. V., Ochoa, L. G., Hlaing, W. M., Weiner, M. B., & Messiah, S. E. (2020). The COVID-19 cannabis health study: Results from an epidemiologic assessment of adults who use cannabis for medicinal reasons in the United States. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 39(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2020.1811455
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  252. Vissink, C. E., Van Hell, H., Galenkamp, N., & Van Rossum, I. W. (2021). The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and measures in patients with a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100102
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  253. Volpatto, V. L., Borgonhi, E. M., Ornell, F., Bavaresco, D. V., Moura, H. F., Rabelo-Da-Ponte, F. D., & Kessler, F. (2023). High COVID-19 morbidity and mortality risk among smoked drug users in Brazil. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 45, e20210290. https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0290
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  254. Vugts, M. A., Joosen, M. C., van der Geer, J. E., Zedlitz, A. M., & Vrijhoef, H. J. (2018). The effectiveness of various computer-based interventions for patients with chronic pain or functional somatic syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One, 13(5), e0196467,1–27. hptts://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196467
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  255. Vukotic, M., Milosevic, Z., Bjelica, D., & Zarubca, M. (2021). Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic of female students adults without a pre-existing mental health condition. African Health Sciences, 21(4), 1544–1545. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i4.7
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  256. Wang, L., Wang, Q., Davis, P. B.,  Volkow, N. D., & Xu, R. (2022). Increased risk for COVID‐19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated patients with substance use disorders in the United States between December 2020 and August 2021. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20921
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  257. Wang, Q. Q., Kaelber, D. C., Xu, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2021a). COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: Analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  258. Wang, Q., Xu, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2021b). Increased risk of COVID‐19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: Analysis from electronic health records in the United States. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20806
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  259. Wang, S., Quan, L., Ding, M., Kang, J. H., Koenen, K. C., Kubzansky, L. D., Branch-Elliman, W., Chavarro, J. E., & Roberts, A. L. (2022). Depression, worry, and loneliness are associated with subsequent risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: A prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 53(9), 4022–4031. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722000691
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  260. Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Ren, L., Shao, Y., Tao, W., & Dai, X. (2021). Preexisting mental disorders increase the risk of COVID-19 infection and associated mortality. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 684112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.684112
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  261. Webber, T. B., Provinciali, N., Musso, M., Ugolini, M., Boitano, M., Clavarezza, M., D’Amico, M., Defferrari, C., Gozza, A., Briata, I. M., Magnani, M., Paciolla, F., Menghini, N., Marcenaro, E., De Palma, R., Sacchi, N., Innocenti, L., Siri, G., D’Ecclesiis, O., . . . Decensi, A. (2021). Predictors of poor seroconversion and adverse events to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine in cancer patients on active treatment. European Journal of Cancer, 159, 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2021.09.030
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  262. Wen, H., Barnett, M. L., & Saloner, B. (2020). Clinical risk factors for COVID-19 among people with substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services, 71(12), 1308. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000215
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  263. Wilchesky, M., Tamblyn, R. M., & Huang, A. (2004). Validation of diagnostic codes within medical services claims. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 57(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00246-4
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  264. Williams, R., Jenkins, D., Ashcroft, D. M., Brown, B., Campbell, S., Carr, M., Cheraghi-Sohi, S., Kapur, N., Thomas, O., Webb, R. T., & Peek, N. (2020). Diagnosis of physical and mental health conditions in primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. Public Health, 5(10), e543–e550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30201-2
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  265. Wisnivesky, J. P., Govindarajulu, U., Bagiella, E., Goswami, R., Kale, M., Campbell, K. N., Meliambro, K., Chen, Z., Aberg, J. A., & Lin, J. (2022). Association of vaccination with the persistence of post-COVID symptoms. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(7), 1748–1753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07465-w
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  266. Wong, S. S., & Yuen, K. Y. (2006). Avian influenza virus infections in humans. Chest, 129(1), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.1.156
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  267. Woodruff, R. C., Campbell, A. P., Taylor, C. J., Chai, S. J., Kawasaki, B., Meek, J., Anderson, E. J., Weigel, A., Monroe, M., Reeg, L., Bye, E., Sosin, D. M., Muse, A., Bennett, N. M., Billing, L. M., Sutton, M., Talbot, H. K., McCaffrey, K., Pham, H., . . . Havers, F. (2021). Risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children. Pediatrics, 149(1), e2021053418. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053418
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  268. Xiang, Y., Qiu, J., Zhang, R., Chau, C. K., Rao, S., & So, H. (2021). Neuropsychiatric disorders as risk factors and consequences of COVID-19: A Mendelian randomization study. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.29.21259609
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  269. Xie, Q., Fan, F., Fan, X. P., Wang, X. J., Chen, M. J., Zhong, B. L., & Chiu, H. F. K. (2020). COVID-19 patients managed in psychiatric inpatient settings due to first-episode mental disorders in Wuhan, China: Clinical characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and our experiences. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01022-x
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  270. Xu, J., Yin, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, S., Duan, L., An, Y., Fan, J., Liao, T., Jin, Y., & Chen, J. (2020). Clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe or critical COVID-19 patients presenting no respiratory symptoms or fever at onset. Engineering, 7(10), 1452-1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.009
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  271. Yaksi, N., Teker, A. G., & Imre, A. (2022). Long COVID in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 51(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i1.8297
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  272. Yang, H., Chen, W., Hu, Y., Chen, Y., Zeng, Y., Sun, Y., Ying, Z., He, J., Qu, Y., Lu, D., Fang, F., Valdimarsdóttir, U., & Song, H. (2020). Pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and risk of COVID-19: A U.K. Biobank cohort analysis. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 1(2), e69–e79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30013-1
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  273. Yang, H., Wu, T. J., Yu, A. C., Wells, C., Orshansky, G., & Lee, J. T. (2022). Predictors of death, survival, need for intubation, and need for oxygen support among admitted COVID-19 patients of the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Military Medicine, 188(5–6), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab550
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  274. Yao, H., Chen, J.-H., & Xu, Y.-F. (2020b). Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30090-0
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  275. Yao, H., Chen, J. H., & Xu, Y. F. (2020a). Rethinking online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 102015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102015
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  276. Ya'qoub, L., Elgendy, I. Y., & Pepine, C. J. (2021). Sex and gender differences in COVID-19: More to be learned!. American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice, 3, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100011
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  277. Yolken, R. (2021). COVID-19 and psychiatry: Can electronic medical records provide the answers?. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 89–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30479-X
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  278. Yoshida, N., Iwata, S., Ogawa, M., Izawa, K. P., Kuroda, S., Kohsaka, S., Yonetsu, T., Kitai, T., Torii, S., Sano, T., Sakai, Y., Yamashita, T., Hirata, K., Matsue, Y., Matsumoto, S., & Node, K. (2021). Intensive care unit admission for moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients with known cardiovascular diseases or their risk factors―Insights from a nationwide Japanese cohort study. Circulation Reports, 3(7), 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1253/circrep.CR-21-0066
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  279. Yu, Y., Travaglio, M., Popovic, R., Leal, N. S., & Martins, L. M. (2021). Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases predict different COVID-19 outcomes: A U.K. Biobank study. Geriatrics, 6(1), 10. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6010010
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  280. Zaman, S., MacIsaac, A. I., Jennings, G. L., Schlaich, M. P., Inglis, S. C., Arnold, R., Kumar, S., Thomas, L., Wahi, S., Lo, S., Naismith, C., Duffy, S. W., Nicholls, S. J., Newcomb, A., Almeida, A., Wong, S., Lund, M., Chew, D. P., Kritharides, L., . . . Bhindi, R. (2020). Cardiovascular disease and COVID ‐19: Australian and New Zealand consensus statement. The Medical Journal of Australia, 213(4), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50714
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  281. Zhang, H., Wu, Y., He, Y., Liu, X., Liu, M., Tang, Y., Li, X., Yang, G., Liang, G., Xu, S., Wang, M., & Wang, W. (2022). Age-related risk factors and complications of patients with COVID-19: A population-based retrospective study. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 757459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.757459
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  282. Zhang, J., Wang, M., Zhao, M., Guo, S., Xu, Y., Ye, J. Y., Ding, W., Wang, Z., Ye, D., Pan, W., Liu, M., Li, D., Luo, Z., Liu, J., & Wan, J. (2020). The clinical characteristics and prognosis factors of mild-moderate patients with COVID-19 in a mobile cabin hospital: A retrospective, single-center study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 264. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00264
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  283. Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. (2017). Moodle: The cost effective solution for internet cognitive behavioral therapy (I-CBT) interventions. Technology and Health Care, 25(1), 163–165. 10.3233/THC-161261
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  284. Zhang, P., Li, J., Liu, H., Han, N., Ju, J., Kou, Y., Chen, L., Jiang, M., Pan, F., Zheng, Y., Gao, Z., & Jiang, B. (2020). Long-term bone and lung consequences associated with hospital-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome: A 15-year follow-up from a prospective cohort study. Bone Research, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41413-020-0084-5
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  285. Zhang, X., Wang, F., Shen, Y., Zhang, X., Cen, Y., Wang, B., Zhao, S., Zhou, Y., Hu, B., Wang, M. P., Liu, Y., Miao, H., Jones, P. W., Ma, X., He, Y., Cao, G., Lixia, C., & Li, L. (2021). Symptoms and health outcomes among survivors of COVID-19 infection 1 year after discharge from hospitals in Wuhan, China. JAMA Network Open, 4(9), e2127403. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27403
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  286. Zheng, X., Chen, J., Deng, L., Fang, Z., Chen, G., Ye, D., Xia, J., & Hong, Z. (2020). Risk factors for the COVID‐19 severity and its correlation with viral shedding: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(2), 952–961. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26367
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  287. Zhu, S., Gao, Q., Yang, L., Yang, Y., Xia, W., Cai, X., Hui, Y., Zhu, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., Wu, S., Yifei, W., Zhou, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, C., Zhang, B., Yang, J., Feng, M., Ni, Z., . . . Brinkhof, M. W. G. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of disability and anxiety in a retrospective cohort of 432 survivors of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (Covid-19) from China. PLOS ONE, 15(12), e0243883. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243883
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  288. Zhu, Z., Liu, Q., Jiang, X., Manandhar, U., Luo, Z., Zheng, X., Li, Y., Xie, J., & Zhang, B. (2020). The psychological status of people affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.026
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  289. Zhu, Z., Wang, M., Lin, W., Cai, Q., Zhang, L., Chen, D., Liu, F., Xiong, X., Chu, J., Peng, J., & Chen, K. (2021). Cardiac biomarkers, cardiac injury, and comorbidities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, 9(4), 1071–1100. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.471
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  290. Zielińska-Turek, J., Jasińska, A., Kołakowska, J., Szadurska, J., Kosior, D. A., & Dorobek, M. (2021). Clinical features of neurological patients with coronavirus 2019: An observational study of one centre. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska, 55(2), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.5603/PJNNS.a2021.0011
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  291. Zijlmans, J., Teela, L., Van Ewijk, H., Klip, H., Van Der Mheen, M., Ruisch, H., Luijten, M. a. J., Van Muilekom, M. M., Oostrom, K. J., Buitelaar, J. K., Hoekstra, P. J., Lindauer, R. J. L., Popma, A., Staal, W. G., Vermeiren, R., Van Oers, H. A., Haverman, L., & Polderman, T. J. C. (2021). Mental and social health of children and adolescents with pre-existing mental or somatic problems during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 692853. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.692853
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  292. Zimmermann, P., Pittet, L. F., & Curtis, N. (2021). How common is Long COVID in children and adolescents? The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 40(12), e482–e487. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003328
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

img

Virginia E. Koenig

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

img

Delcio G Silva Junior

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

img

Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

img

Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

img

Layla Shojaie

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

img

Sing-yung Wu

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

img

Orlando Villarreal

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

img

Katarzyna Byczkowska

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

img

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

img

Pedro Marques Gomes

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

img

Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

img

Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

img

Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

img

Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

img

Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

img

Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

img

Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

img

Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

img

Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

img

Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

img

Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

img

Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

img

Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

img

Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

img

S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

img

Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

img

George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

img

Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

img

Khurram Arshad

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.

img

Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.

img

Lin Shaw Chin

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.

img

Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

img

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

img

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

img

Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

img

Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

img

Dr Susan Weiner

My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

img

Lin-Show Chin

My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.

img

Sonila Qirko

My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.

img

Luiz Sellmann

I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.

img

Zhao Jia

Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."

img

Thomas Urban

I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.

img

Cristina Berriozabal

To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

img

Dr Tewodros Kassahun Tarekegn

"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".

img

Dr Shweta Tiwari

I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.

img

Dr Farooq Wandroo

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

img

Dr Anyuta Ivanova

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

img

Dr David Vinyes

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

img

Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

img

Dr Elvira Farina