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Research | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/177
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University Owerri Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author: Johnkennedy Nnodim., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University Owerri Nigeria.
Citation: Oparaocha Divinegift Chinonso., H.U. Nwanjo., D.C. Nwosu and Nnodim Johnkennedy., (2025). Comparative Studies on Adiponectin, Resistin, And Leptin in Both Obese and Lean Subjects in Imo State., Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 8(5); DOI:10.31579/2768-0487/177
Copyright: © 2025, Johnkennedy Nnodim. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 05 June 2025 | Accepted: 01 July 2025 | Published: 25 August 2025
Keywords: adiponectin; resistin; leptin obese; lean subjects; Imo State
This study was carried out to compare the levels of adinopectin, resistin, leptin in both obese and lean subjects in patients attending Federal Medical Center, Owerri. Eighty (80) subjects including male and female who were within the age range of 25-50 years attending the outpatient department at Federal Medical Center, Owerri were recruited for the study and they were divided into two groups of forty (40) obese and forty(40) lean subjects. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Values was expressed as mean±standard deviation. The student t-test was used to compare the parameters (at level of significance 0.05). P< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant and P>0.05 was considered not statistically significant.The result of the present study showed that the mean values of adiponectin(1.45±0.67µg/ml) and resistin (5.60±1.61ng/ml) was significantly decreased in obese subjects while serum leptin (7.95±2.29ng/ml) was significantly increased in obese subjects when compared with the mean values of adiponectin (5.18+2.49 µg/ml), resistin (9.52±3.00 ng/ml) and leptin (2.29±1.13 ng/ml) in lean subjects at P<0.05 respectively. The mean values of adiponectin (1.49+0.59µg/ml, 2.70±0.36 µg/ml) and resistin (5.36+±1.20ng/ml, 7.29±1.21ng/ml) was significantly decreased in obese male and female subjects while the mean value of serum leptin (7.90±2.11 ng/ml, 9.28±0.19 ng/ml) was significantly increased in obese male and female subjects at P<0.05 respectively. When the mean values of adipokine was compared between obese male and female according to age, it was discovered that the mean values of adiponectin levels was increased with age in both obese male {25-35 years(1.50±0.76 µg/ml), 36-50years(3.90±1.58 µg/ml)} and female{25-35 years(3.0±0.68 µg/ml), 36-50years(5.42±3.38µg/ml)}. Leptin levels decreased with age in only women {25-35 years(8.51±3.48ng/ml), 36-50years(4.22±1.29ng/ml)} but increased with age in men{25-35 years(8.03±2.59ng/ml), 36-50years(12.80±3.59ng/ml)}. There was no significant difference in the mean value of resistin in both male and female at p>0.05 respectively. In conclusion, adipokines may decrease the insulin sensitivity of tissues and induce inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis, diabetes and psoriasis, as well as diabetic foot.
Obesity is a substantial public health crisis in the United States, and internationally, with the prevalence increasing rapidly in numerous industrialized nations. A report from the National Center for Health Statistics stated that in US individuals aged 20 years or older, the prevalence of obesity rose steadily from 19.4% in 1997 to 31.4% for the period January-September 2017 [1]. Additionally, approximately 1/3 of the population is overweight defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m. Moreover, the obesity epidemic is not localized to the United States as there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide. The number of individuals with morbid obesity (BMI > 40) has also greatly increased [2]. It should be noted that very athletic individuals may have a high BMI without excess body fat (the increase in weight is due to muscle mass) and as a consequence not have metabolic abnormalities. Of great concern is that the prevalence of obesity has also markedly increased in children. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, alterations in lipid metabolism, and the metabolic syndrome, particularly when the excess adipose tissue is located in an intra-abdominal location or in the upper chest. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, but it appears that much of this effect is accounted for by obesity inducing dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, and a procoagulant state. The majority of deaths related to high BMI are due to cardiovascular disease [3] Obesity simply means excess of body-fat. It is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30 kg/m^2. Healthy weight is defined as a BMI between 19 and 25 kg/m^2. Overweight is defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m^2. It is due to greater energy intake compared with energy expenditure [4]. It is difficult to study obesity because the abnormality is not a single disease and because the result of long-term follow up in large scale is not available in the existing literature. The knowledge that is available today is only a cross-sectional survey in the population. Obesity currently threatens the health, well- being and economic welfare of virtually every country in the world [5]. Over 300 million people are estimated to be obese. Obesity is considered a chronic (long-term) disease, like high blood pressure or diabetes. It has many serious long-term consequences for health, and it is the second leading cause of preventable deaths in many countries [6] Although several classifications and definitions for degrees of obesity are accepted, the most widely accepted classifications are those from the World Health Organization (WHO), based on body mass index (BMI). Adipose tissue is a key endocrine organ that communicates with brain, muscle, liver, and pancreas, thereby maintaining energy homeostasis. Adipose tissue stores excess energy in the form of lipids and are thus able to dramatically change in size in accordance with changing metabolic needs [7]. Moreover, studies have shown that fat tissue exerts important endocrine functions which are mediated by a complex network of various soluble factors derived from adipocytes called adipocytokines including tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), Interleukin (IL) 6, leptin, adiponectin and resistin [8]. Some adipokines play a major role in insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity, especially central or visceral obesity [4]. At the cellular level, obesity is not solely pathology of adipocytes as there are other cell types within adipose tissue that participate as well. In fact, the presence of infiltrating macrophages in adipose tissue makes obesity comparable to a low-grade chronic inflammation with links between adipose cells and the immune system. At present comprehension of these concepts is essential for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [9].Leptin, resistin, and adiponectin are important adipocytokines that influence both insulin sensitivity and inflammation, which are closely involved in the development of T2DM [10] Leptin is a pro-inflammatory molecule that plays a key role in the regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis. Leptin was one of the first adipocytokines identified, and immediately has drawn substantial research attention. The discovery of leptin in 1994 has provided a major new piece in the puzzle of obesity, as it has been found that its level was directly related to the quantity of body fat. Leptin is a 16 kDa non-glycosylated protein secreted in direct proportion to adipose tissue mass as well as nutritional status. Plasma leptin concentrations positively correlate with subcutaneous rather than intra-abdominal fat tissue mass [11] Leptin exerts an inhibitory effect on food intake and increases energy expenditure through thermogenesis and physical activity. The idea of leptin as an insulin sensitizing hormone and leptin deficiency or resistance as a potential link between obesity and diabetes has been reviewed recently [12] The discovery of adiponectin (ApN) occurred at about the same time as the discovery of leptin (1995/1996), but it did not receive major attention in the scientific community for the next few years until its markedly protective role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related disorders was acknowledged. Adiponectin is a 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein . Prospective studies in humans have shown that increased plasma concentrations of ApN were strongly and independently associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes [13] In contrast to most other adipokines, circulating ApN was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and was markedly decreased in obese subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes [14] Resistin is a 12.5-kDa cysteine-rich peptide that belongs to a family of resistin-like molecules with distinct expression patterns and biological effects. Resistin is primarily secreted from mature adipocytes in rodents whereas in humans it is expressed primarily from adipose infiltrating macrophages. It was suggested that resistin might link obesity with insulin resistance and diabetes. In humans, the role of resistin in insulin resistance remains controversial. Increased circulating levels of resistin are associated with incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation (Takeishi, 2013). Most mouse studies, but not all, support the notion that resistin is an adipokine regulator of insulin action. However, most human studies show an entirely different picture [15] As regard to leptin, its mean serum levels were significantly higher in the obese groups compared with lean group which served as control, while the mean serum levels of resistin were increased significantly in obese subjects as compared to lean subjects. Other studies have it that Resistin levels were similar in lean and obese subjects and no significant correlation was observed between resistin levels and BMI. On the other hand, the mean serum levels of adiponectin were decreased significantly in obese groups when compared to lean subjects. On comparing the effect of weight loss on the serum levels of the three hormones, a significant decrease was found in the mean levels of both resistin and leptin and a significant increase in the mean level of adiponectin on obese subjects [16]. However, the notion of leptin as an anti-obesity hormone was called into question because the “common” form of obesity is typically associated with high leptin levels (that reflect high energy stores) and leptin resistance[17]. These findings could be explained on bases that although most obese humans have an elevated circulating level of leptin, they do not respond to this increased endogenous leptin level by reducing their food intake due to leptin resistance [18] Obesity is increasingly becoming an important public health concern among all age groups in most of the developed and underdeveloped world. Greater than 30% of the United States population is obese and in Nigeria, about 8.1%-22.2% are obese and at risk to develop insulin resistance and associated metabolic disorders, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus [19] Fat tissue exerts important endocrine functions, which are mediated by a complex network of various soluble factors, derived from adipocytes, called adipocytokines including tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), Interleukin (IL) 6, leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Some adipokines play a major role in insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity, especially central or visceral obesity. Many authors have it that leptin and resistin which are adipocytes play1 a role in the development of obesity. However, few argue that resistin is same in both obese and lean subjects that there is no significant difference between the two. There is paucity of information in evaluating the relationship between adiponectin, resistin, and leptin in both obese and lean subjects so therefore this work is aimed at evaluating and comparing the levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in both obese and lean subject and also provide knowledge on the disparity associated between the resistin hormone in both the obese and lean subjects in Owerri.
Study area
The study was carried out in the medical out-patient department Federal Medical Center, Owerri, Imo State.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval was obtained from Federal Teaching Hospital Owerri
Study population
A total of 80 subjects including male and female subjects attending the outpatient department at Federal Medical Center, Owerri was recruited for the study. The 80 subjects was within the age range of 25-50 years. The 80 subjects was divided into two groups:
Group 1(Test) consists of 40 obese patients
Group 2(Control) consists of 40 lean subjects
Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) wasperformed on the subjects. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as weight in (kg) divided by height in meters squared (m^2). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was also calculated as waist circumference (WC) divided by hip circumference (HC). BMI was used to reflect the total body fat while waist circumference (WC) and Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was indirect measurements of body fat centralization
Selection criteria
Inclusion
The participants were those that met the enrollment criteria. The criteria are as follows:
Exclusion
The following was excluded from the study they are:
Sample collection
About 10ml of venous blood was collected from each subject using the standard clean veni-puncture technique and dispensed into a labeled plain container. The blood samples was spun at 3000rpm for 5minutes and serum was separated into a new labeled plain container. The serum samples was then be taken to the Laboratory Complex, Federal Medical Center, Owerri where the following parameters was estimated: Adiponectin, Resistin, Leptin and Lipid profile.
Laboratory Procedures
All reagents used were commercially procured and the manufacturer’s standard operating procedures was strictly followed.
Adiponectin, Resistin and Leptin were determined by Enzyme Linked immunosorbent Assay
Statistical Analysis
Data obtained wasanalysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.Values was expressed as mean±standard deviation. The student t-test was used to compare the parameters (at level of significance 0.05). P< 0>0.05 was considered not statistically significant.
Parameters Obese Lean T-Value P-Value n=40 n=40 |
Adiponectin 1.45±0.67 5.18+2.49 -9.486 0.0001 (µg/ml) |
Resistin 5.60±1.61 9.52±3.00 -7.080 0.0001 (ng/ml) |
Leptin 7.95±2.29 2.29±1.13 12.851 0.0001 (ng/ml) |
Leptin 7.95±2.29 2.29±1.13 12.851 0.0001 (ng/ml) |
Table 1: Mean ±SD values of Serum Adiponectin, Resistin and Leptin in Obese Subjects and Lean Subjects of study population.
Table 1 Shows that the mean values of serum adiponectin (1.45±0.67µg/ml),Resistin(5.6±1.61ng/ml) and leptin(7.95±2.29ng/ml) of obese subjects was significantly different (P=0.0001, P=0.0001 and P=0.001) when compared with the mean value of serum adiponectin (5.18±2.49µg/ml), resistin (9.52±3.00ng/ml) and leptin(2.29±1.13 ng/ml ) of lean subjects. When the mean values of the adipocytokines variables in obese subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipocytokinesvariables in lean subjects it was found that the mean values of adiponectin and resistinwas increased in lean subjects while serum leptin was decreased in lean.
Parameters Obese Lean T-Value P-Value Male Male n=20 n=20 |
Adiponectin 1.49+0.59 4.60+1.23 4.321 0.001 µg/ml |
Resistin 5.36+±1.20 9.14+3.42 3.876 0.001 ng/ml |
Leptin 7.90±2.11 2.11±0.35 5.487 0.001 ng/ml |
Table 2: Mean ±SD values of Serum Adiponectin, Resistin and Lectin in Obese Male and Lean Male Subjects.
Table 2 Shows that the mean values of serum adiponectin (1.49±0.59 µg/ml), Resistin(5.36±1.20ng/ml) and leptin(7.90±2.11ng/ml) of obese male subjects was significantly different (P=0.001, P=0.001 and P=0.001) when compared with the mean value of serum adiponectin (4.60±1.23µg/ml), resistin (9.14±3.42 ng/ml) and leptin (2.11±0.35 ng/ml ) of lean male subjects. When the mean values of the adipocytokines variables in obese male subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipocytokines variables in lean male subjects it was found that the mean values of adiponectin and resistin was increased in lean male subjects while serum leptin was decreased in lean male subjects.
Parameters Obese Lean T-Value P-Value Female Female n=20 n=20 |
Adiponectin 2.70±0.36 7.14±3.28 3.478 0.001 µg/ml |
Resistin 7.29±1.21 12.13±0.26 6.457 0.001 ng/ml |
Leptin 9.28±0.19 6.85±1.89 4.352 0.003 ng/ml |
Table 3: Mean ±SD values of Serum Adiponectin, Resistin and Leptin in Obese Female and Lean Female Subjects.
Table 3 Shows that the mean values of serum adiponectin (2.70±0.36µg/ml), Resistin(7.29±1.21ng/ml) and leptin(9.28±0.19ng/ml) of obese female subjects was significantly different (P=0.001, P=0.001 and P=0.003) when compared with the mean value of serum adiponectin (7.14±3.28µg/ml), resistin (12.13±0.26 ng/ml) and leptin (6.85±1.89 ng/ml ) of lean female subjects. When the mean values of the adipocytokines variables in obese female subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipocytokines variables in lean female subjects it was found that the mean values of adiponectin and resistin was increased in lean female subjects while serum leptin was decreased in lean female subjects.
Parameters Obese Obese T-Value P-Value Male Female n=20 n=20 |
Adiponectin 1.49±0.76 2.70±0.28 3.444 0.104 µg/ml |
Resistin 5.36±1.21 7.29±1.66 7.932 0.243 ng/ml |
Leptin 7.90±1.19 9.28±2.89 4.278 0.345 ng/ml |
Table 4: Mean ±SD values of Serum Adiponectin, Resistin and Lectin in Obese Male and Female Subjects.
Table 4 Shows that the mean values of serum adiponectin (1.49±0.76 µg/ml), Resistin(5.36±1.21ng/ml) and leptin(7.90±1.19ng/ml) of obese male subjects was not significantly different (P=0.104, P=0.243 and P=0.345) when compared with the mean value of serum adiponectin (2.70±0.28µg/ml), resistin (7.29±1.66 ng/ml) and leptin (9.28±2.89 ng/ml ) of obese female subjects. When the mean values of the adipokinesin obese male subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in obese female subjects it was found that the mean values of adiponectin, resistin and leptin was decreased in obesemale subjects when compared with obese female subjects though not significantly at p>0.05.
Age Group 25-35 36-50 (years) (years) (years) T-Value P-Value |
Adiponectin 1.50±0.76 3.90±1.58 8.662 0.01 µg/ml |
Resistin 6.00±1.45 7.24±2.66 4.342 0.01 ng/ml |
Leptin 8.03±2.59 12.80±3.59 9.554 0.001 ng/ml |
Table 5: Mean ±SD values of Serum Adiponectin, Resistin and Lectin in Obese Male Subjects according to age.
Table 5 Shows that the mean values of serum adiponectin (1.50±0.76µg/ml), Resistin(6.00±1.45ng/ml) and leptin(8.03±2.59ng/ml) of obese male subjects within 25-35 years was significantly different (P=0.01, P=0.01 and P=0.001) when compared with the mean value of serum adiponectin (3.90±1.58µg/ml), resistin (7.24±2.66 ng/ml) and leptin (12.80±3.59 ng/ml ) of obese male subjects within 36-50 years. When the mean values of the adipokines in obese male subjects within 25-35 years was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in obese male subjectswithin 36-50 years, it was found that the mean values of adiponectin and leptin was significantly increased in obese male subjects within 36-50 years when compared with obese male subjects within 25-35 years at P<0>0.05.
Age Group 25-35 36-50 (years) (years) (years) T-Value P-Value |
Adiponectin 3.0±0.68 5.42±3.38 10.565 0.03 µg/ml |
Resistin 6.24±2.59 7.13±2.45 7.756 0.245 ng/ml |
Leptin 8.51±3.48 4.22±1.29 3.224 0.001 ng/ml |
Table 6: Mean ±SD values of Serum Adiponectin, Resistin and Lectin in Obese Female Subjects according to age.
Table 6 Shows that the mean values of serum adiponectin (3.00±0.68µg/ml), Resistin(6.24±2.59ng/ml) and leptin(8.51±3.48ng/ml) of obese female subjects within 25-35 years was significantly different (P=0.03, P=0.04 and P=0.001) when compared with the mean value of serum adiponectin (5.42±3.38µg/ml), resistin (7.13±2.45 ng/ml) and leptin (4.22±1.29 ng/ml ) of obese female subjects within 36-50 years. When the mean values of the adipokines in obese female subjects within 25-35 years was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in obese female subjects within 36-50 years, it was found that the mean values of adiponectin was significantly increased in obese female subjects within 36-50 years when compared with obese female subjects within 25-35 years at P<0>0.05.
Obesity is increasingly becoming an important public health concern among all age groups in most of the developed and underdeveloped world. Greater than 30% of the United States population is obese and in Nigeria, about 8.1%-22.2% are obese and at risk to develop insulin resistance and associated metabolic disorders, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Lana et al.,2004). This study shows that the mean values of serum adipokines of obese subjects was significantly different (P=0.0001, P=0.0001 and P=0.0001) when compared with the mean value of serum adipokines of lean subjects at p<0.05. When the mean values of the adipokines in obese subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in lean subjects, it was found from the study that the mean values of adiponectin and resistin was significantly decreased in obese subjects while serum leptin was significantly increased in obese subjects at P<0.05 respectively. The result of the present study was in agreement with [20] who showed that adipokines were significantly altered in subjects with overweight and obesity in comparison with lean individuals, suggesting that adipokines might be early markers of changing from lean to overweight/obesity status, even before the occurrence of metabolic alterations. In contrast, other studies have shown that serum levels of adiponectin and resistin were significantly higher in obese subjects than in lean subjects [20] Leptin as an adipose tissue-specific adipokine is well known as a key molecule that regulates appetite, energy expenditure, behavior and glucose metabolism. Leptin plasma concentration increases in proportion to body fat mass [21] It is important to highlight that exogenous leptin is efficient in promoting weight loss in obese humans and mice genetic deficient in leptin but not in diet-induced obesity [22]. There is a feedback loop where insulin stimulates leptin secretion from adipose tissue and leptin is decreased in low insulin states [23] Furthermore, strong positive associations exist between plasma leptin levels and body fat percentage. Other studies point towards leptin resistance. For example, plasma leptin levels and mRNA content decrease in individuals with obesity at the initial time of weight loss but increases as they continue to lose weight. Also, despite the expectation, leptin therapy’s termination does not result in weight gain and hyperleptinemia. There is also evidence that hyperleptinemia does not mimic the CNS consequences of chronic weight gain in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice [24] A study found markedly higher fasting and 24-h leptin levels in obese male and female subjects compared with lean controls. The pathophysiological implications of the blunted diurnal variation in leptin levels in obesity is unclear but could play a role in the leptin resistance, thereby contributing to the development and maintenance of obesity [25] Leptin resistance occurs due to the leptin’s inability to reach the target cells, reduced LEP-R expression, or disturbed LEP-R signaling. The concentration of leptin in cerebrospinal fluid does not increase further. Furthermore, it appears that excessive plasma leptin levels can result in decreased BBB permeability [26] Leptin has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues and increase glucose uptake and oxidation in skeletal muscles. Moreover, leptin affects thermogenesis through regulation of brown adipose tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins. It is involved not only in lipid and glucose metabolism and immune body response, but also in blood pressure control, blood coagulation and fertility. Leptin is considered a potential marker of obesity-related complications. Elevated leptin levels correspond to atherosclerosis and neuropathy but not diabetic retino- and nephropathy [27] In several studies adiponectin levels measured in serum of obese individuals were significantly lower compared to the normal-weight subjects and correlated negatively with the presence of obesity-related complications [28] Waist circumference, a good predictor of visceral adiposity, was correlated with adiponectin in the whole sample only. The same correlation between abdominal obesity and metabolic disorders has been widely reported. Several explanations for this association between visceral adiposity and adiponectin levels have been proposed. Large visceral adipocytes with greater triglycerides stores may produce less adiponectin than small sub-cutaneous adipocytes, at least under culture conditions [29] and visceral adipocytes may produce factors that reduce adiponectin synthesis. Adiponectin may therefore have the potential to provide an important therapeutic tool to reduce the burden associated with obesity and related chronic diseases including diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Preliminary evidence points to increased adiponectin levels as a result of different dietary intervention strategies and associated weight loss [30] Since the initial investigation of resistin in numerous rodent models of obesity and insulin resistance, ongoing experimental data has generated further inconsistency. The result of the present study was not in agreement with [31] who showed that there is increased resistin expression in adipose tissue, particularly abdominal depots; furthermore, positive correlations between serum resistin and body fat content have also been reported. On the contrary, several studies have failed to demonstrate such correlations in rodents, with groups also reporting either reduced or no alteration of resistin levels in various models of obesity. Although it is difficult to address such diverse findings using similar, and in some instances the same, rodent models, inconsistencies may depend upon methodological differences [31,32] Resistin is increased in subjects who are obese and the levels of resistin directly correlate with plasma triglyceride levels. Moreover, resistin has been shown to stimulate hepatic VLDL production and secretion due to an increase in the synthesis of Apo B, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Finally, resistin is associated with a decrease in HDL-C and Apo A-I levels [33, 34] Obesity in humans was found to be associated with high resistin serum levels, this view however is not unanimous. High serum resistin level, due to its pro-inflammatory properties, was linked to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in rodents and in some human studies. A study by [35] found a positive correlation between its protein level in VAT and low density lipoprotein (LDL) serum level in obese subjects [36] Notably, in isolated human adipocytes, resistin expression is very low, and its content in adipose tissue is proportional to the intensity of macrophages infiltration, which are the main source of this adipokine. Obesity in humans was found to be associated with high resistin serum levels, this view however is not unanimous. High serum resistin level, due to its pro-inflammatory properties, was linked to the development of insulin resistance and type2 diabetes (T2DM), to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in rodents and in some human studies [37] When the mean values of the adipokines in obese male subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in lean male subjects it was also found that the mean values of adiponectin and resistin was significantly decreased in obese male subjects while the mean value of serum leptin was significantly increased in obese male subjects at P<0.05 respectively. When the mean values of the adipokines in obese female subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in lean female subjects it was also found that the mean values of adiponectin and resistin was significantly decreased in obese female subjects while the mean value of serum leptin was significantly increased in lean female subjects at P<0.05 respectively. When the mean values of the adipokines in obese male subjects was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in obese female subjects it was found that the mean values of adiponectin, resistin and leptin was decreased in obese male subjects when compared with obese female subjects though not significantly at p>0.05. The reason for the difference between male and female is that they are more expressed in omental and abdominal subcutaneous white fat than in adipose tissue from the thigh and the breast [38, 39] When the mean values of the adipokines in obese male subjects within 25-35 years was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in obese male subjects within 36-50 years, it was found that the mean values of adiponectin and leptin was significantly increased in obese male subjects within 36-50 years when compared with obese male subjects within 25-35 years at P<0.05 [40]. However, there was no significant difference in the mean value of resistin in obese male within the age of 25-35 years when compared with the mean value of resistin in obese male within the age of 36-50 years at P>0.05. When the mean values of the adipokines in obese female subjects within 25-35 years was compared with the mean values of the adipokines in obese female subjects within 36-50 years, it was found that the mean values of adiponectin was significantly increased in obese female subjects within 36-50 years when compared with obese female subjects within 25-35 years at P<0.05. There was a significant decrease in the mean value of serum leptin in obese female subjects within the age of 36-50 years when compared with the mean value of serum leptin in obese female subjects within the age of 25-35 years. However, there was no significant difference in the mean value of resistin in obese female within the age of 25-35 years when compared with the mean value of resistin in obese female within the age of 36-50 years at P>0.05.
In conclusion, adipokines may decrease the insulin sensitivity of tissues and induce inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis, diabetes and psoriasis, as well as diabetic foot.
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Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
