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Research | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/553
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Fishery and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, po. Box79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding Author: Yibeletal Aynalem., Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Fishery and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, po. Box79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Citation: Yibeletal Aynalem, Alayu Yalew, Gashaw Tilahun, (2025), Assessment of Challenges and Practices in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) Farming in West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia, J Clinical Research and Reports, 20(4); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/553
Copyright: © 2025, Yibeletal Aynalem. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 26 June 2025 | Accepted: 04 July 2025 | Published: 30 July 2025
Keywords: nile tilapia farming practices; challenges; management system
The decline in wild fish catches due to overexploitation of fisheries resources underscores the urgent need for aquaculture to bridge the resulting production gap. This study examined Nile Tilapia farming practices in the West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia, and identified key challenges faced by both aquaculture experts and fish farmers. According to experts, the top three constraints were: lack of government attention to fish farming (34.67%), limited awareness among farmers (17.33%), and low practical knowledge among both experts and farmers (14.67%). In contrast, farmers identified their primary challenges as: limited access to quality seed and mono-sex fingerlings (26.67%), low awareness (20.95%), and insufficient government support and knowledge on farm-formulated feeds (14.29%). The study found that the fish farming management system in the area is generally poor, particularly regarding feed management and harvesting practices. Farmers often practice mixed-sex stocking, resulting in uncontrolled reproduction, despite mono-sex stocking being more desirable—albeit largely inaccessible. Both experts and farmers exhibited significant knowledge and skill gaps in Nile Tilapia aquaculture. Additionally, over 50% of fish ponds were found to be unused, highlighting critical underutilization of resources. To enhance productivity, the study recommends continuous training programs, improved seed supply systems, and stronger government support.
In Ethiopia most of lakes are over exploited [1]. Fish have high source of proteins and great nutritional value. However, most of the captured fish were over exploited. Therefore, aquaculture is one alternative method to increase fish production [2]. It alleviates poverty and existing hunger [3]. Fish farming is still very low in Ethiopia and it is still negligible [4]. Aquaculture is an important source of food, nutrition, income and livelihoods for many people around the world [5]. The growth of aquaculture production in the last two decades has boosted the average consumption of fish and fish products at a global level [5]. Nearly half of the fish being consumed by humans worldwide are produced by aquaculture [5]. Global fish demand is projected to keep growing due to population growth, increased urbanization and rising incomes [6]. Tilapia, a group of species in the family Cichlidae, order Perciformes, is the second major species cultured in world aquaculture after carp species (El- [7]. More than 125 countries performed tilapia farming in 2017 [8]. In Africa, tilapia is by far (50.7%) the most commonly cultured fish species. Within Africa, Egypt and Nigeria are the first- and second largest producers of fish, respectively [9]. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), one of the most important tilapia species, is widely cultured in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world, with annual growth in production of about12.2% at present [7]. Most fish production today is in freshwater systems (99%), where carp, tilapia and catfish are the major fish species [10]. These three freshwater species are predicted to comprise around 60% of total aquaculture production by 2025 and have accounted for most of the increase in aquaculture production in recent decades [11]. There was no scientific study on Nile Tilapia farming practice in the area. Objective of this study was investigate Nile Tilapia farming practice and management system in west Gojjam Zone.
2. 1. Study Area
West Gojjam is one of ten Zones of the Amhara Region of northern Ethiopia. It is bordered on the South Oromia region), on the West by South Sudan, on the north by Gondar and on the east-by-East Gojjam. The capital town of West Gojjam is Finoteselam. It is located at about 180 km from Bahir Dar and 340 km from Addis Ababa.
2.2. Demographics
Based on the (12) Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 2,106,596, of whom 1,058,272 are men and 1,048,324 women; with an area of 13,311.94 square kilometers. The study was conducted in West Gojjam Zone Amhara Regional state, seven districts including, Quarit, Debecha, Wombera, South Achefer, North Achefer and Mecha and 721 kebeles. The study was conducting in between (January 2021 to June 2021) Fig.1)
Figure 1: Map of West Gojjam Zone study area
Source (own)
2.3. Sample Size Determination and Techniques
Study districts were selected purposively based on current fish farming potential and study kebeles also select based on fish farming practices. All fish farming participates were properly register each kebele by developmental agents and selection of household’s cluster based for management. purposive. Sample size fish farms and experts were 105 and respectively 75 Sample size determination for 5% precision Levels where confidence level is 95% : (13). The potential districts, kebeles and fish farmers were selected by kebele developmental agents (DA) for the success of this research data collection further analysis (Table6). There are seven districts and 21 kebeles and in one districts three kebeles were selected.
The qualitative and quantitative methods were used to evaluate the data that had been
collected. Descriptive statistics like mean, maximum, and minimum and percentage were used.
4.1. Fish feed resources
Fish feed plays a major role in aquaculture viability and profitability because it accounts for at least 40 - 60% of the total cost of fish production [14]. The existing aquaculture practices in Ethiopia depends on feeds produced on-farm from the locally available feed ingredients of both plant and animal origin [15]. Previous research on fish feed has suggested that fish feeds can be formulated using locally available agro-industrial byproducts and alternative ingredients to increase the growth of Nile tilapia in pond aquaculture [16]. Commercial feed is un affordable and very expensive fish farmers should formulated from locally available ingredients (my observation). Ethiopia has huge aquaculture potential but it is not utilized resource as scientific way see map of aquaculture potential area. Aquaculture development is becoming visible with a better level of production since 2014 in Ethiopia. Currently, there are around 942 fish farmers (911 Males and 31 females) in different regions of the country. Most of these farmers are small scale ones working individually or established common interest groups (CIGS) organized under cooperatives or small and micro-enterprises. Now a day fish production in fish farming showed increasing year to year 2019-2021 (Figure 1) but 2012-2018 was very low. Figure 1. showed the development of aquaculture from 2019 to 2021 radically in Ethiopian which is promising.
Figure 2: Fish production trend from fish farming in Ethiopia [5].
Source (FAMP, 2024)
In capture fisheries production, Aquaculture production and total domestic supply, Ethiopia is rankd six [6] which is very low. Aquaculture as share of fish production% Ethiopia is least countries from Sub-Saharan African countries (Table1). Egypt and Nigeria are the highest in capture fisheries production, Aquaculture production, total domestic supply and Aquaculture as share of fish production% (Table1)
| Country | Capture Fisheries production (Tones) | Aquaculture production (Tones) | Total Domestic fish supply (tons) | Aquaculture as share of fish production (%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 7,254,848 | 592,540 | 7847388 | 7.8 |
| Egypt | 335,613 | 1370660 | 1706273 | 81.73 |
| Nigeria | 734,731 | 306727 | 1041458 | 30.62 |
| Uganda | 396,205 | 117,590 | 513795 | 22.9 |
| Tanzania | 371,228 | 10742 | 381970 | 2.8 |
| Kenya | 165,135 | 18658 | 183793 | 11.3 |
| Ethiopia | 45,519 | 91 | 45610 | 0.2 |
| Rwanda | 29,334 | 4.847 | 34181 | 14.2 |
| Burundi | 20,120 | 1.326 | 21446 | 6.2 |
Table 1: Capture and aquaculture production of fish status in Ethiopia and the rest of Easter African sub region.
Source: (17)
In fish consumption, Ethiopia is the lowest FC (kg/Person/Year which was 0.4kg and Burundi is the highest compare to East African countries (Table 2). Fish protein consumption in Ethiopia was 0.1g which is very low compare to Easter African Countries (Table2). Fish/Animal protein (%) ratio also Ethiopia is the least from east African countries but Uganda is the highest (Table2).
| Countries | Popth | Total Food Fish Supply (Tones) | FC (kg/Person/Year | Fp (g/Person/ Day) | Animal protein (g/Person/Day) | Fish/Animal protein (%) | Fish/ Total protein |
| World | 7,162,118 | 142,126/714 | 19.8 | 5.4 | 321 | 16.9 | 6.7 |
| Africa | 1,110,636 | 11,225,497 | 10.1 | 29 | 16 | 18.4 | 4.4 |
| Burundi | 10,163 | 20,145 | 20 | 0.6 | 22 | 28.1 | 1.7 |
| Ethiopia | 94,101 | 39,347 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 77 | 1.6 | 0.7 |
| Kenya | 44,354 | 181227 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 158 | 73 | 1.9 |
| Rwanda | 11,777 | 52,910 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 5.8 | 25.1 | 2.5 |
| Tanzania | 49,253 | 352,304 | 7.2 | 2.3 | 10.4 | 225 | 7.1 |
| Uganda | 37,579 | 469,773 | 12.5 | 3.7 | 30.1 | 7.1 |
Table 2: Food supply and protein intake in Ethiopia and some Easter African Countries.
*Note= Popth = Populations (Thousand) , FC=fish consumption, Fp= Fish protein
Data Source: (17)
Aquaculture as share of fish production (%) in Ethiopia is 0.2% which is less than all east African countries but the highest and the first was Egypt 87.73% and the second was Nigeria 30.62% (Table3). The water sources of Egypt is Nile Rivers which starts in Ethiopia Gish Abay town and the water tower is Gish Mountain but in aquaculture development Ethiopia is not utilized full potential that is the case why Ethiopia less than Egypt.
| Country | Capture Fisheries production (Tones) | Aquaculture production (Tones) | Total Domestic (Tones) | (Aquaculture as share of fish production (%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 7,254,848 | 59,2540 | 7,847,388 | 7.8 |
| Egypt | 335613 | 1370660 | 1706273 | 87.73 |
| Nigeria | 734731 | 306727 | 1041458 | 30.62 |
| Burundi | 20120 | 1326 | 21446 | 6.2 |
| Ethiopia | 45519 | 91 | 45610 | 0.2 |
| Kenya | 165135 | 18658 | 183793 | 11.3 |
| Rwanda | 2933 | 4847 | 34181 | 14.2 |
| Tanzania | 371128 | 10742 | 381970 | 2.8 |
| Uganda | 396205 | 117590 | 513795 | 22.9 |
Table 3: Capture and aquaculture production of fish in the EA sub region in 2016.
EA (East African) and Data Source [17]
Ethiopia is rich inland water but faced with challenges that are hindering the aquaculture expansion and growth, including lack of quality seed supply, quality feed, lack of fish culture technologies, limited and ineffective extension services, poor aquaculture business support services and weak institutional framework and arrangements are few to mention The recent report indicates that fish production estimated annual production potential of 134,000 tons of fish from fish farming but actual production is 1020 which very low (0.76%) (18). Mono-sex Nile Tilapia culture system is one of the solution to increase production and productivity. Aquaculture is not well developed in Ethiopia because of the following reasons (A). Poor attention of government, experts, investors, farmer). (B). Poor knowledge and skill of experts and farmers (C). Lack of feed (quality) and even expensive. (D). Lack of male seed access and (E). Poor management (my personal observation and long time experience). The decline in wild fish catches due to overexploitation of fisheries resources made aquaculture to be mandatory to fill theses gaps. There no scientific study on status of fish farming in study area so this research was incited. Governmental Neglect in Ethiopian Aquaculture Development: Despite Ethiopia's abundant water resources and favorable climatic conditions conducive to aquaculture, the sector remains underdeveloped. This stagnation is largely attributed to insufficient governmental support and prioritization. Historically, aquaculture has not been fully integrated into the nation's food security policies and strategies, leading to its marginalization compared to other agricultural sectors [19] Several studies have highlighted the challenges stemming from this neglect. These include inadequate infrastructure, limited extension services, and a shortage of trained personnel dedicated to aquaculture development. Furthermore, the absence of a cohesive national fisheries policy and legal framework has hindered coordinated efforts to advance the sector [20] In regions like the Amhara state, integrated aquaculture initiatives have shown potential to enhance food security and livelihoods. However, these efforts are often impeded by a lack of governmental support, resulting in suboptimal pond management practices and limited adoption of aquaculture technologies (20).The cumulative effect of these challenges underscores the critical need for the Ethiopian government to re-evaluate its approach to aquaculture. By formulating and implementing comprehensive policies, investing in infrastructure, and providing targeted training and extension services, the government can unlock the sector's potential to contribute significantly to national food security and economic development. [20] Even though the general potential yield of fish in Ethiopia is high, the real fishery manufacturing is far from the predicted [21]. The real exploitation of fish manufacturing is 38,370 ton/year [22]. The current fish manufacturing is still far beneath the predicted potential yield [23]. This is because of the aquaculture improvement in Ethiopia become faced with some of challenges which consist of mainly; loss of regionally selected fish seeds, lack of reasonably priced and efficient locally to be had fish feeds, and training.[24] and shortage of government interest [25]. Timely harvesting, fish feed, seed, policy and institutional gaps were a big challenges in aquaculture [26] and [27] Experts’ and Farmers’ Interest towards Aquaculture. Despite the fact that there were some motivations and attempts to promote aquaculture, it is still the neglected sector compared to other agricultural activities. For instance, the budget, equipment and human resource allocated for this sector is very low. Unlike the situations observed in crop related activities, trainings and extension support related to fishery sectors is negligible. This finding is also consistent with the report of [28]. Seed production is on of the most important factures in the development of aquaculture in the world, Africa, East Africa including Ethiopia. Seed production in Ethiopia is very low compare to Egypt, Nigeria, Keneya,\. Three year production of fingerlings in Ethiopia ( Figure 3.)
Figure 3: Source (FAMP, 2024).
Lack of Quality Seed and Mono-Sex Fingerlings in Aquaculture:
I. Importance of Quality Seed in Aquaculture: High-quality seed is fundamental to the success of aquaculture ventures. The use of genetically improved and disease-free fingerlings ensures better growth rates, feed conversion efficiency, and overall productivity. Conversely, poor-quality seed can lead to suboptimal growth, increased mortality, and economic losses. In many developing countries, including Ethiopia, the aquaculture sector suffers from a shortage of reliable hatcheries and quality seed, hindering its potential growth.
II. Advantages of Mono-Sex Fingerlings: Tilapia, particularly Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), is a prolific breeder. In mixed-sex populations, uncontrolled breeding can lead to overpopulation in ponds, resulting in stunted growth and competition for resources. Cultivating mono-sex (all-male) fingerlings is a common practice to mitigate this issue, as males typically grow faster and more uniformly than females. A study conducted at the National Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Center in Sebeta, Ethiopia, demonstrated that male mono-sex tilapia exhibited significantly higher growth rates and reached market size faster than mixed-sex population
III. Challenges in Producing Quality Mono-Sex Fingerlings: Producing high-quality mono-sex fingerlings involves several challenges:
IV The Ethiopian Context: In Ethiopia, the aquaculture sector is still in its nascent stages. The country lacks sufficient commercial hatcheries capable of producing and supplying quality mono-sex fingerlings. Most small-scale farmers rely on wild-caught fingerlings or those produced in unregulated settings, leading to inconsistent quality and performance. The absence of certified hatcheries and standardized breeding practices further exacerbates the problem.
V. Regional Comparisons and Lessons: Other African countries face similar challenges. For instance, in Kenya, the proliferation of hatcheries under government programs led to increased fingerling production. However, issues related to bloodstock management, inbreeding, and lack of technical know-how persisted, affecting seed quality.lrrd.cipav.org.co
Data were collected from 105 farmers, 75 Experts and 36 cooperative members by closed and open ended questionnaires including focus group discussion. The Socioeconomic profile of respondents described Table 5)
| Demography of respondent | Category | ||||||
| Experts | Total | Farmers | Total | ||||
| Sex | Male | Female | Male | Female | |||
| 70 | 5 | 75 | 100 | 5 | 105 | ||
| Age | 35-56 | 27-48 | 37-52 | 30-42 | |||
| Educational level | Illiterate | Literate | Illiterate | Literate | |||
| 0 | 79 | 2 | 19 | ||||
Table 5: Number of respondents in study area.
Data source (my own)
Nile Tilapia farming system is very poor on water exchange to maintain water quality, Growth of Nile Tilapia is stagnant, harvesting time greater than one year, (Table 6). There is no on farm formulated fish feed practice in the study area. Fish farmers fed only one ingredient powder which is not fulfill fish feed requirements and it is not suitable feeding of fish (Table 6). Generally (Table 6) showed that fish farming management system is not technically well managed.
| Name of districts | |||||||
| Activities | Quarit | Debecha | Jabitehnan | womberma | South Achfer | North Achefer | Mecha |
| Maximum Pond area per m2 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| To fertilize pond | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Stock density experience per m2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Common feed type | Powder | powder | Powder | powder | Powder | powder | powder |
| Fed supplementary feed daily | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Fed occasionally | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | yes |
| Water exchange | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | |
| How many months fish reach table size | 1 yr | 2 yr | > 2 yr | 1.5 yr | 1 yr | 1.5 yr | 1 yr |
| Harvesting methods | |||||||
| Partially remove water | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Completely remove water | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Timely harvest | Yes | No | No | N0 | No | Yes | Yes |
Table 6: Fish farming management practices system of each district.
-Data source (own) and yr (Year)
There are 72 pounds in study are but currently active ponds were 31 the reaming is empty pond which have no fish, around 50% of fish farming in the study area were under failure (Table7). In Ethiopia fish farming is not well developed duet to late adopter technology, cultural influence, there is no role model stat fish farms, and research institute.
| Districts | Number of ponds | active ponds | % | Empty ponds | % |
| Quarit | 3 | 1 | 1.39 | 2 | 2.78 |
| Debecha | 10 | 5 | 6.94 | 5 | 6.94 |
| Jabitehnan | 7 | 2 | 2.78 | 5 | 6.94 |
| Womberma | 8 | 2 | 2.78 | 6 | 8.33 |
| North Achfer | 9 | 4 | 5.56 | 5 | 6.94 |
| South Achfer | 15 | 8 | 11.11 | 7 | 9.72 |
| Mecha | 20 | 9 | 12.5 | 11 | 15.28 |
| Total | 72 | 31 | 43.06 | 41 | 56.94 |
Table7: Number of ponds found each district currently and active pond.
Data source ( own)
From the seven major challenges of Nile Tilapia farming, experts ranked as government ignore fish farming 34..67% [1], low awareness creation of farmers 17.33% [2], experts and farmers have low practical knowledge 14.67%) [3], lack of knowledge on farm formulation fish feed 12.% [4], Lack of quality seed and mono-sex 10.67% [5], Commercial feed not affordable 6.67% [6] and (accessible & weak market access) 4 0% [7] (Table 8) . Farmers ranked lack of quality seed and mono-sex 26.67%,[1], low awareness creation of farmers 20.95% [2], government ignore fish farming 14.29% [3] and lack of knowledge on farm formulated fish feed 14.29% [3] and farmers have low practical knowledge 8.57% [5] commercial feed not affordable and accessible 8.57% [5] and weak market access 6.67% [7] (Table 8). Farmers ranked lack of quality seed and mono-sex 26.67%,[1], low awareness creation of farmers 20.95% [2], government ignore fish farming 14.29% [3] and lack of knowledge on farm formulated fish feed 14.29% [3] and farmers have low practical knowledge 8.57% [5], commercial feed not affordable and accessible 8.57% [5] and weak market access 6.6.7%.
| Major challenges hidden fish farming | Experts | Fish farmers | ||||
| Rank | No. RS | % | Rank | N0. RS | % | |
| Lack of knowledge on farm formulated fish feed | 4 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 14.29 |
| Experts and farmers have low practical knowledge | 3 | 11 | 14.67 | 4 | 9 | 8.57 |
| Lack of quality seed and mono-sex | 5 | 8 | 10.67 | 1 | 28 | 26.67 |
| Low awareness creation of farmers | 2 | 13 | 17.33 | 2 | 22 | 20.95 |
| Government ignore fish farming | 1 | 26 | 34.67 | 3 | 15 | 14.29 |
| Weak market access | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 6.67 |
| Commercial feed not affordable and accessible | 6 | 5 | 6.67 | 4 | 9 | 8.57 |
| Total respondents | 75 | 100. | 105 | 14.29 | ||
Table 8: Major challenges hidden Nile Tilapia farming and their ranked in study area.
* No. RS= Number of respondents
Data source (own)
Fish farming affecting by both sex stocking, Stock density, Feed, Seed, water quality, quality feed, poly culture, water depth, rotational practice. For seed reproduction purpose we can stoked male to female ration (1:2), (1:3), 1:4) and 1:5) but the production purpose only stocked males. The fish farmers stocked practice not recommended as aqua culturist (Table9 and Fig 3). There were different fish pond management system at fish farmers level Fig3 & Figure 4)
| Males | Females | Sex ratio% |
| 75 | 225 | (0.25:0.75) |
| 81 | 219 | (0.27:0.73) |
| 65 | 235 | (0.22:0.0.78) |
| 113 | 187 | (0.28:0.62) |
| 120 | 180 | (0.4:0.6) |
Table 9: Fish stocked practice as pilot took and sex ratio farmers pond.
Figure 4: Farmers fish pond.
Fishing activities in Geray Dam There was one fish cooperative in the Geray dam and the cooperative has 36 members (all are males.). Except closed season (July to September) fishing active was done every day by cooperative members. They have fishing materials (steel boat 4), read boat [16], Gillnet 100metre length [10], castanet [29] and hook and line [36]. There are four Commercial important fish species Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromisniloticus), Carp (carpion), Carasis carasis After harvest the fisher men were sold their fish as whole fish and fillted. The marketing channel was Finote Selam, Markose, Injibara and Bahir Dar. There is no marking problems now a day. The major challenges in the dam ware [1]. There is no well organized fish processing house [2]. The fish offal was simply discarded but economically very important [3]. Fisher men were not give supplementary feeds for fishes for growth and reproduction 4. There no demarcation of dam and households land which was difficult to dam management. Fish cooperative members were discussed utilization of resource in the dam (Figure.5).
| No | No of fisher men | Average Age | Sex | Marital status | Education status | Religion |
| 1 | 36 | 25-48 | male | married | > grade10 | Orthodox |
Table 10: Socioeconomic data of fish cooperative.
Figure 5: Fish cooperative members at discussion.
Major challenges of aquaculture were, neglected by the government, lack of knowledge on farm formulated fish feed, experts and farmers have low practical knowledge, lack of quality seed and mono-sex, low awareness creation of farmers, Commercial feed not affordable and accessible major challenges that hidden aquaculture development in Ethiopia which is fully & partially aliened by before reported [19], [20], [26] and [27].Awareness creation was high challenges reported by [29] 53.33% which is greater than the present findings(20.955%). Most of the ponds, especially in South Gondar and West Gojjam were nonfunctional because of water shortage and leakage. There are also two contradictory things that shortage of fish fingerling for aquaculture and at the same time, stunted fish growth due to over population. For instance, there are a lot of huge ponds and dams, which have not been stocked with fish yet in the region due to shortage of fingerlings. On the other hand, the other ponds are suffering from stunted fish growth because of overpopulation. There were challenges (no timely harvest, nonexistence of fish feed, Skill and knowledge gap and non-existence of role model aquaculture ponds [30] which is aliened to the present findings
71. Conclusion
Conclusion- based on experts feedback, the three top challenges of fish farming were, Government neglect fish farming [1], low awareness creation of farmers [2], experts and farmers have low practical knowledge [3] but fish farmers were ranked lack of quality seed &mono-sex [1], low awareness creation of farmers [2]. and Government neglect fish farming and lack of knowledge on farm fish feed formulation [3]. Generally fish farming management system was very poor from feeding to harvesting time in the study area. There is no farmer fed fish on farm formulated feed in the study area which is done almost extensive production system. Fish catch decline year to year in the dam so Number of boats and fish materials should be limited based on fish resources potential
7.2 Recommendation
Experts and fish farmers have knowledge and skill gaps so frequently training will be given to understand Nile Tilapia farming/ aquaculture farming system. More than 50% ponds were empty or no fish stoked so theses ponds will be stocked to increase production. Fish farming in west Gojjam Zone, both sex stocking of fingerlings for fish farmers highly difficult due to reproduction so only stock males rather than both sexes. Lake fishery management will be applied to reduced aquaculture basins. Capacity Building: Training programs for hatchery operators and farmers can enhance technical skills in bloodstock management and fingerling production.
Infrastructure Development: Investment in establishing certified hatcheries equipped with modern facilities is crucial.
Regulatory Frameworks: Developing and enforcing standards for seed quality can ensure consistency and reliability in fingerling production.
Research and Development: Collaborative efforts between research institutions and the private sector can lead to the development of improved breeding techniques and strains.
Acknowledgments: We are acknowledge Fishermen, Experts and fish farmers who were participates in this study in west Gojjam Zone. Their feedback were very strong during discussion.
Authors’ contribution: All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Yibeletal Aynalem was responsible for data collection, analysis, and the preparation of the original draft of the document. Alayu Yalew also supervised, reviewed and commented the document. Gashaw Tilahun critically reviewed, commented on, and edited the manuscript.
Data availability: Data will be available upon request.
Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical clearance: No ethical clearance is required since the research does not involve the participation of humans and animals.
Funding declaration: We would like to declare that we have not obtained any fund for the preparation of this manuscript.
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As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
